The Influence of Income and Number of Family Members on the Welfare of Farming Families in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District

In a family, income and the number of family members is an important element that must be considered because it can affect the welfare of a family. The desire to form a prosperous family can be achieved if the needs of family members can be fulfilled. The needs of the family members will be easier to achieve if family members can earn a high income. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is an influence of income and number of family members on the welfare of farming families in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District. The type of research was causal research with a quantitative approach. The population in this study amounted to 644 households who lived in Gerokgak Village and worked as farmers with a sample of 247 respondents who were determined using the Slovin formula. The data collection method used was a questionnaire which is analyzed using statistical techniques t test and f test. Based on this research, that there is an influence between income and the number of family members on the welfare of farmer families in the Gerokgak Village both individually and collectively.


Introduction
Poverty is one of the main focus issues of concern to a government in any country. Likewise in Indonesia, since the beginning of independence, poverty reduction has often been carried out through various strategies. According to Soelaeman (2001) poverty can be described as a lack of income received to meet all the most basic necessities of life. Besides, Rianto (2019) states that poverty is directly related to several problems, such as primary needs, education, precarious work, and other needs caused by low per capita income.
Over time, the population has increased which can lead to increased fulfillment of the needs of family members in a family. BPS (2008) the population will continue to increase due to the increasing number of baby births, and accompanied by the occurrence of population deaths in each age group of the population. Basically the prosperity of a country can be measured from income, the quality of human resources owned, and the number of family members in a country (Sumodiningrat, 2004). BPS stated that households classified as poor, mostly have a large number of family members. This is because they tend to have higher birth rates. In addition, poor households have a relatively very high mortality rate due to the lack of income and access to health. With this occurrence, the level of a large number of family members in the household will have an effect on improving human resources in the future.
The poverty rate of the population in Bali Province, especially in the Buleleng Regency, can be said to be very high compared to other regencies or cities. Data on the number of poor people by Regency/City can be seen in table 1. Source: BPS of Bali province The data in Table 1 show that the highest poverty rate is in Buleleng Regency, calculated from the last five years. According to Putu Astawa as Head of the Community Empowerment Agency and the Village Government of Bali Province, the poorest means that the poverty rate is above 35%. Then poverty is spread across several subdistricts, namely, Gerokgak District (7 villages), Banjar District (6 villages), Seririt District (8 villages), Buleleng District (1 village), Kubutambahan (5 villages), Busungbiu District (4 villages), and Tejakula District (2 villages).
Poverty is not only a problem in Buleleng Regency, but has become a national and even international problem. The complexity of this problem of poverty has resulted in poverty that has not been resolved and may not be eliminated because poverty is very vulnerable. This can be influenced by several conditions such as economic, political, peaceful, and disciplinary conditions. Then from 9 Districts in Buleleng Regency, the largest number of poor households was in Gerokgak Subdistrict, which was 5.416 households, while the smallest poor households were in Kubutambahan, which was 2.165 households. This can be proven in the following table. According to Todaro and Smith (2006), generalizations that are classified as the most valid of the poor are generally those who live in rural areas, on average they work in the traditional economic sector. Then in Buleleng Regency consists of nine sub-districts, but the regency with the most extensive utilization of agricultural land is Gerokgak District covering an area of 644.00 ha. In this regard, it can be seen that the use of rice fields in Gerokgak Village is 304.00 ha compared to other villages located in Gerokgak.
Gerokgak Village is a village whose population dominantly works in the agricultural sector. Data regarding the amount of population data based on livelihoods in Gerokgak Village can be seen in table 3. Based on table 3. It can be seen that there are 1.400 people who work as farmers. In terms of gender, there are 843 male farmers and 557 female farmers. Furthermore, determining the level of welfare of farmer workers really depends on the wages earned and efforts to meet the needs of family members. Farmers in Gerokgak Village generally get a daily wage of IDR 35,000. The low income received by farmer workers will certainly have an impact on meeting basic needs or daily support needs of family members. Those conditions will greatly influence the welfare of a family. With regard to family welfare, it can be seen that the level of family welfare in Gerokgak Village is still low when viewed from the aspects of education and health according to the following table.  4. It can be seen that the level of welfare of residents in Gerokgak Village is still low. This can be seen from the level of education that the majority of the population of Gerokgak Village is only able to study at the elementary school level as much as 2.590 people. Furthermore, in terms of health, it can be categorized as still lacking, this can be proven with the use of clean water fulfillment coverage, which dominates the population of Gerokgak Village using dug wells. If the use of digging wells is not protected from drainage, the water source cannot be said to meet health requirements. With regard to health conditions, seen from the use of latrines it can be said that they are still low, this can be proven that there are 98 families who still use shared latrines.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the income and number of family members had an effect on the welfare of farmer families in Gerokgak Village. In order to understand the explanation of the research variables used, each of these variables is described as follows.

Income
Income is the wage a person receives from his work which is useful in increasing the economic level of a resident or family. According to Winardi (2010) states that income is remuneration for the contribution of labor expertise from the production activities that have been generated. In line with this opinion, Khiyaroh (2017) income is the total income in the form of money or goods obtained from the contribution of a person's work or business. Basically, the income earned is useful to meet the needs of the family so that the family can feel a sense of welfare. The income indicators used in this study include income acceptance, the accuracy of payment, and suitability of work (Amanaturrohim, 2015).
Received income can be defined as all income that a person earns from the main job or a side job and income received by family members. The accuracy of payment can be defined as the accuracy of receiving wages given by the landowner to farmworkers where the landowner can provide wages before starting work. Then work suitability is a condition in which a person does work based on his expertise in agriculture so that there is a balance between the wages given by the landowner to farmers.

Number of Family Members
A family is a group of people related to marital status and blood relations who live together in a household. According to Dhohiri, et al. (2007) increasing the number of family members will increase the socio-economic burden in the family. This opinion can be interpreted that a large number of members in the family will indirectly affect expenditures in the form of daily consumption which requires family members to earn greater income, if the income earned by family members is not enough, it can lead to a level of poverty (Khiyaroh, 2017). Then the indicators used to measure the number of family members include the number of children, non-nuclear families, total consumption, and income levels (Ali, 2010).
The number of children is the number of children born to a woman during the reproductive period. The large number of children who want to be planned of course must consider several aspects such as health aspects and consideration of abilities in ensuring a decent life and ensuring children's education. A non-nuclear family is a family who lives in the same house which is included in the extended family due to blood relations. The amount of consumption is the level of consumption of family members from both nuclear and nonnuclear families. Then the level of income is the contribution of income earned to all family members who are still working.

Family Welfare
Family welfare is an effort to create a harmonious atmosphere and the ability to meet the social and physical needs of family members (Khiyaroh, 2017). Then Pera & Marina (2015 ) family welfare can be seen from the realization of the aspirations of everyone in forming a family, exercising rights, and fulfilling all obligations in accordance with responsibilities. According to Zaim (2020), prosperous families generally need a balance between internal and external factors. Furthermore, internal factors include the number of family members, social conditions, family residence, economic conditions. Then the external factors include humans, nature, and the country's economy (Khiyaroh, 2017). This study uses four indicators as stated by the BKKBN including basic needs, social needs, development needs, and social care.
Basic needs are the most important human needs to carry out their lives in the form of shelter, food, and clothing. Social needs are human needs related to human instincts as social beings. The need for development is an effort to improve the quality of human life for the better. Then Social care can be interpreted as someone's concern for other people's situations and conditions.

Method
The type of this research is a quantitative causal approach. The quantitative causal approach is to measure is a variable that can affect other variables (Sugiyono, 2014). The population in this study amounted to 644 households who live in Gerokgak Village and work as farmers with a sample size of 247 respondents using the Slovin formula. This study using a sampling method with simple random sampling. Respondents who were selected as samples in this study are farmers who were included in the criteria for poor families.
Furthermore, in this study, there are two sources of data, namely primary data in the form of questionnaires and secondary data in the form of population data based on the type of work, data on farmer wages, and data on the welfare of farmer families in Gerokgak Village. However, a questionnaire can be distributed to respondents if the questionnaire is have tested for its validity and reliability. The instrument is declared valid if the alpha error rate is 0.05 the value of r count > r table or the value of significant < 0.05, then declared reliable if an instrument has a Cronbach Alpha value > 0.60. The data analysis technique used is the t-test to determine the effect partial and the f test to determine the effect simultaneously.  193 -.503 -9.104 .000 Based on table 5, shows that there is an effect of income on family welfare as evidenced by a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Based on table 6, shows that there is an effect of the number of family members on family welfare as evidenced by a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05.  7 shows that there is an influence between income and number of family members on the welfare of farming families. This can be proven by a significance value of 0.000 <0.05.

Result and Discussion
Based on the results of the research that has been done, the results of the t-test show that there is an effect of income on family welfare. Family welfare can be seen from the ability of the head of the family in meeting the daily needs of family members and future needs. So that if the needs of the family are met, the family can be said to be prosperous. Basically, this need can be achieved with the support of income generated by the family which is obtained from the results of their work. Farmers in Gerokgak Village are generally paid IDR 35,000 per day, but their wages are still relatively low. The wages they earn are only to meet their daily consumption needs, but it is very difficult for them to meet their family development needs such as savings and children's education needs. This research is in line with Khiyaroh (2017) that the standard of family life will increase if the income received by a person increases, so that a person's high income can affect family welfare because with this income, family needs can be met so that the family can be categorized as prosperous. Empirical research that supports this study is research conducted by Amanaturrohim (2015) were the results of his research concluded that income affects family welfare.
Furthermore, the t-test results show that there is an influence on the number of family members on family welfare. A large number of family members in a household can indirectly lead to low family welfare due to other aspects, namely income because the increasing number of family members will increase expenditure for consumption and other needs. Farmers' family members in Gerokgak Village have a dominant number of family members, namely 4 to 6 people in one household. When compared with the income received to the number of dependent members, it is certainly very unbalanced. This is what causes the low welfare of the farming family. This research is in line with Khiyaroh (2017) that a large number of family members will indirectly affect expenditure in the form of daily consumption which can require family members to seek greater income. However, if the income earned by family members is not sufficient, then it can lead to a level of poverty. Then the empirical study that supports this research is research conducted by Syafitri (2019) which shows that the number of family members has an effect on family welfare.
Thus, the results of the F test show that there is an influence between income and the number of family members on family welfare. Farmworkers will be able to achieve prosperity if they earn a high income to be able to meet all the needs of their family members. When the income earned by family members is high, then it will not result in a reduction in the amount of consumption of family members as the most basic need. Besides, the large level of income obtained can contribute to the other needs of family members, both for children's educational needs or for the needs used for future preparation. The number of family members in a family also greatly determines the level of family welfare. Furthermore, if the number of family members is large but the income generated is small, then welfare is difficult to achieve because of an imbalance between the income earned and the large number of family members that must be covered. This research is in line with Khiyaroh (2017) which states that family welfare can be influenced by the income generated by the family and the number of family members. It because when someone gets more income, it will be easier to meet the needs of family members which can improve the family's standard of living. Then the empirical study that supports this research is research conducted by Syafitri (2019) which shows that the income and number of family members together affect family welfare.

Conclusions and Suggestion
Based on the results and previous discussion, it can be concluded that income has a significant effect on family welfare. The results of this study indicate that income has an effect on the welfare of farmer families in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District. The effect of the number of family members on the welfare of the family obtained a significant value. These results indicate that there is an effect of the number of family members on the welfare of farmer families in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District. The effect of income and the number of family members of the family welfare obtained a significant value. These results indicate that there is an influence between the income and number of family members on the welfare of farmer families in Gerokgak Village, Gerokgak District.
As for some suggestions that researchers can put forward, namely for farmer workers in Gerokgak Village, it is hoped that as early as possible to find out the importance of carrying out a family planning a program to be able to balance the number of family members covered with the amount of income obtained from work, because the number of children has the potential to increase the number of family members and increase family expenses. In addition, it is hoped that members of the farming family will also contribute to work to increase family income. For future researchers, it is hoped that further development of other factors that are used as independent variables that can affect the welfare of the family.