Affixation System in Lemukih Dialect of Balinese: A Descriptive Study of Derivational and Inflectional Process

This study aimed at describing the kinds of prefixes and suffixes in Lemukih dialect of Balinese and the types of inflectional and derivational process in which they are involved. This study is a descriptive qualitative research. Two informants Lemukih dialect speakers were chosen based on set criteria. The data were collected based on four techniques, namely: eliciting, recording, note taking and observing technique. The results of the study show that there are ten prefixes and five suffixes in Lemukih dialect of Balinese. These prefixes and suffixes can be further categorized into derivational and inflectional prefixes and suffixes. The derivational prefixes are {ma-}, {N-}, {ka-},{pa-}, and {kuma-}.Meanwhile, the derivational suffixes are {-an} and {ang}. The inflectional prefixes are {ma-}, {N-}, {ka-}, and {maka}.Meanwhile, the inflectional suffixes were {-in}, {-ne}, {-an}, {-ang}, and {-e}. Moreover, each prefixes and suffixes has different functions such as verbalizer, nominalizer, adjectivizer, passivizer, activizer, specificizer, distributive, imperative, and comparative.


INTRODUCTION
states that language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture. Language is an important aspect of human being because it is a tool to interact with other in everyday live. Humans are social creature. They use language to inform others around them about their feeling, their ideas and their desire, to represent objects and question or understand about the world around them.
There are various kinds of language used by people based on their environments where they live. People around the world have different styles in using language to communicate. Because of the culture and demography, people who live in different countries use their own language and style to communicate with others in their daily live. Every country has a particular language as their national language. People use different styles in using language to communicate with others even when they use the same language. This is commonly known as dialect of language.
Dialect is a variety of a language that is distinguished from other varieties of the same language by features of phonology, grammar and vocabulary and by its use by a group of speakers who are set off from others geographical of socially 1 . According to Vajda 2 , to study dialects we must decide how to determine when two similar forms of a language are merely dialects of the same language and when are they separate languages. If two language variants are mutually intelligible and subscribe to the same literary standard, they are dialects of the same language rather than separate languages, provided that there is no overriding political reason to think otherwise. And, if two language variants are not mutually intelligible, they are different languages unless there is some overriding political or cultural reason to consider them the same language.
Indonesia consists of many ethnics. Each ethnic has its own language, culture and dialect. They use different language to communicate with others in community; it is base on their own culture. Seken (1992) recognizes that the language diversity among communities is caused by system of language which is arbitrary and is determined by each community. It means that the building of language system such as vocabularies, grammar, and accent and sentence pattern is made and approved by all members of community.
One of Indonesian's ethnic is Balinese ethnic with its language named Bahasa Bali. According to Bawa andJendra (1981, cited in Pastika, 2005)  One of the Bali Dataran dialects is Lemukih dialect. Lemukih dialect is a dialect which is used by villagers in Lemukih Village. Lemukih Village belongs to the region of Sawan district and Buleleng regency. The location of Lemukih Village is around 24 kilometers from the town of Buleleng regency; covered by forest and valley. Most of the villagers in Lemukih work as farmer and they still use traditional tools in their daily life. Lemukih dialect is one of characters that the villagers in Lemukih have. It can be a symbol of the villagers who are not eroded by globalization and still keep their culture which has been adopted by their ancestors for a long time. The villagers are also proud with their own dialect and they use it in the daily life. They also use their dialect when they talk with people from other villages.
Lemukih dialect is special. The dialect used by the villagers who live in Lemukih is Bali Datarn dialect. However it has a similarity with the Bali Aga dialect which is used by the villagers in others Bali Aga Village, such as Bugbug, Tenganan, Seraya, Sembiran, Bintang Danu, Selulung, Sidatapa, Tigawasa, Pedawa, Cempaga, Mayong, Bantiran, and Belimbing. In Lemukih dialect and others Bali Aga Village which commonly use Bali Aga dialect, the sound of suffix (a) is pronounced [Λ]. It is contrast with Bali Dataran dialect where the sound of suffix (a) is pronounced [ǝ]. Besides, there are some unique words which are only used by villagers in Lemukih for communication such as "mecagruk" (fall into the water), "ngereyong" (heated water), "ngeranyab" (reckless), "celudak" (want to eat what the others eat), but those words do not exist in the other Bali Aga dialect.
Some words in Lemukih dialect undergo change of form and meaning when they are attached by an affix. For example: prefix {me-} when attached to word 'angkihan' "breath" will produce a new word 'mangkihan' "breath". The word class undergoes a derivational process. The word 'angkihan' which is previously a noun changes into 'mangkihan' which belongs to word category of verb. In word 'meingsah' "washing hulled-rice" which is formed by prefix {mə-} + 'ingsah' "washing hulled-rice", the process of the word does not include the change of word class and it is called inflectional process. Those processes in linguistic field are known as morphological process.
The further research about Bahasa Bali had done more specifically to the particular aspect of language such as morphology, phonology, and syntax. If we see the research which done by I Wayan Bawa and Wayan Jendra in 1974/1975, the research is more general about structure of Bahasa Bali. And the research done by Wayan Jenda in 1976/1977, I Wayan Jendra in 1976/1981and I Wayan Bawa in 1979/1980 are more specific about morphology, phonology and syntax of Bahasa Bali. According to Danes (1991), to understand about the complete rules in Bahasa Bali, the research should be more specific in particular aspect of Bahasa Bali. Research may be just become a reiteration without useful result if it is not done in specific aspect of language. In addition, he said that the result of study which concern in morphology can not give specific and detail information. For example there is no study about morphophonemic Bahasa Bali, complexity of Bahasa Bali, and affixation process of Bahasa Bali.
To give contributions in morphology of Bahasa Bali especially for its affixation process, the researcher want to conduct research in Lemukih dialect of Balinese as a part of Bahasa Bali which is spoken by the villagers in Lemukih. Besides, there is no research done toward the Lemukih dialect that focused on its morphological process. In addition, Harrison (2007:206) states that any language, no meter how obscure or well-known, how large or small, provides challenging pattern and complexities for linguist to describe. Since we cannot know what future science will bring us, we must provide the fullest description of a language from now. The result of this study can be used as resources of the further investigation about Lemukih dialect. This study enables further research on morphological study, morphophonemic, study as well as phonological study. This study also provides a documented archive about the dialect of the villagers of Lemukih.

RESEARCH METHOD
This research is a linguistic research which was designed in descriptive qualitative research. The subject of the study is the community of Lemukih village as the native speakers of Lemukih dialect of Balinese. The object of the study is the language use by native speaker of Lemukih dialect of Balinese, with natural use of the language. The language focuses on morphological process where the affixes are involved into derivational and inflectional process and their function after being attached to the root.
In collecting the data, the researcher use field linguistic technique (Samarin, 1967:1). There are three techniques used in field linguistic, namely Eliciting, Recording, Note Taking and Observing. In eliciting technique, researcher should prepare himself as much explicit information about the languages of the proposed field of the study as possible. The researcher also need for "standard elicitation instruments" such as question-lists and wordlists. The researcher will ask the informant to get the information through interviewing by using question-lists (scaffold question) and word-lists. The question-lists and word-lists will be specified on morphological process of Lemukih dialect. The interview is directed to the particular thing related to morphology focused on derivational and inflectional. This technique should supported by recording, to record the sound during interview. The researcher should write the important aspect that given by informants which are needed to be written. Then, it is continued by an investigation which was done by observing or listens to the speeches done by the native speaker of Lemukih Dialect. It is always begins with data in the language being studied.
In this research, the researcher will use informant sample. Informant sample is the representative of the native speaker who gives clear and accurate information related to the research. It is important to be done to control the reliability of the data obtained not only to make the researcher satisfied about the information obtained (Budasi, 2007). The informant sample will be categorized as primary and secondary informant. Samarin (1967) states that informant is one who provides the research with samples of language, either as repetitions of what has already been said or as creations of somebody might say. He also explains how the utterance were used or what they meant, using for this explanation either his own language or some other. The research need for informants in order to get the body of data where the researcher working under special conditions with special goals in mind.
To obtain the data about the derivation and inflection process of Lemukih Dialect, the researcher was the main instrument of collecting the data. It was because the researcher observed the data regularly in the field. In observing data regularly in the field, researcher needs some devices. Those devices are: Question List (scaffold question), Word list, Note Book, Digital recorder.
The data analysis was done in order to get the result of the research. The design that used to collect data until the data are ready to be analyzed is Interactive Data Analysis Model (Miles andHuberman, 1994, cited in Putra 2014).
In data collection the researcher observed, noted, and recorded the informant sample conversation. After the researcher gets all the data that would be transcribed by the researcher, in data reduction the researcher categorized the prefixes and suffixes existing in Lemukih Dialect. In data display, the researcher translated each word into English and makes a complete sentence. After that, the researcher identified the derivation and inflection processes of the words based on data reducing. Then, based on the data display, the researcher formulated the rule, whether it is derivational or The study found that prefix {ma-} exists in Lemukih dialect of Balinese. This prefix is attached to a root or base, which belongs to word category of verb, noun, and adjective. For example: [bʊsʊŋe] 'young coconut leaf' 'the young coconut leaf' The study found that there are five prefixes and two suffixes that undergo derivational process. Those  Inflection does not create separate words. They merely modify the world in which they occur in order to indicate grammatical properties such as plurality, as the (s) of magazines does, or past tense, as the (ed) of barbecued does (Delahunty and Garvey, 2010).  Kridalaksana (2007) state that affixation process is not just changing the form of stem or base, but also forming lexeme into another word category and grammatical meaning. He also classifies the affixes base on their influence to the stem or root. Those classifications are affixes forming verbal, affixes forming adjectival, affixes forming nominal, affixes forming adverbial, affixes forming numerial, and affixes forming interogatival.
According to anom (1974), prefix {ma-} is an active affix which can be attached to many kinds of Balinese Language root or base. According to Anom (1974), Balinese affixation divided into five, base on where they are attached to the root. First are prefixes: n-, ma-, ka-, pa-, pi-, sa-, a-, pra-, pari-, pati-, maka-, saka-, kuma-. Second are infixes: um-, -in, -el, -er. Third are suffixes: -a, -ang, -an, -in, -e, -ne, -n, -ing. Forth are konfiks (compound): pa-an, ka-an, ma-an, bra-an. The present study focused on morphology, especially the derivational and inflectional processes occuring in Lemukih dialect of Balinese and function of affixes. Affixation here include prefixes and suffixes that occured in Lemukih dialect of Balinese. The result of the study hopefully can give readers'understanding toward the dialect of Lemukih Village. This study is expected to be useful for other researchers who will focus on linguistic field of study. This study can also be used as a reference for other researchers who are interested in exploring dialects exist in Balinese. The researcher also expects that other investigation on syntactic, lexical, sociolinguistic and semantic levels of Lemukih dialect of Balinese can also be conducted.