Challenges of Educational Institutions during the Covid-19 Pandemic

The background for the formation of PKBM Lestari was the result of adopting children who dropped out of school in Sumberkima Village and its surroundings. The purpose of the study was to find out the learning process of PKBM Lestari in Sumberkima Village during the Covid-19 Pandemic along with the obstacles experienced in the learning process and efforts to overcome the obstacles experienced in the learning process. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method with the object of research being PKBM Lestari learning during the Covid-19 pandemic by using interviews, observation, and documentation studies. PKBM Lestari follows the letter the circular by implementing an online learning system. In its application there are several obstacles experienced including students who do not have mobile phones, constrained internet data quotas, students who are already working, and lack of mastery in using technology. Based on these obstacles, the solutions offered include submitting internet data quotas, group study, the Equality Education Exam carried out faceto-face, as well as taking and collecting assignments directly to the PKBM Office. Copyright © Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha. All rights reserved.


Introduction
Education is very important to prepare the quality of human resources that are ready to compete with the times. Education is essentially a conscious and planned effort that aims to develop skills both formally and nonformally. Indonesia as a developing country continues to improve education which aims to improve existing human resources. Education is also a process to improve, improve, change knowledge, skills and attitudes and the behavior of a person or group of people in an effort to educate human life through teaching and training guidance activities (Zainuddin, 2008) But at this time the educational activity is the learning process is held differently. This is because the world is faced with the ordeal of the universe in the form of the Covid-19 Virus. The term Covid-19 stands for Coronavirus desease 2019, a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) that first appeared in wuhan city, Hubei province, China in December (Yasa, 2020) In accordance with the Circular Letter of the Minister of Education and Education on the official website of the Ministry of Education with letter number: 36962 / MPK. A/HK/2020 which contains online learning and working from home to prevent the spread of Covid-19. Circular Letter of the Minister of Education and Culture No. 2 of 2020 and Number 3 of 2020 on prevention and handling of Covid-19, March 9, 2020. Enforce online learning from home for both students and students. Teachers, teachers, and lecturers do work, teach or lecture from home (Kemendikbud, 2020a) Keywords: Non-formal education; Sustainable PKBM; online learning.
Based on the regulation of the Ministry of Education and Culture, it can be concluded that all educational activities are carried out online, from the learning process to administrative services in educational institutions. This is done in order to break the chain of spread of the Covid-19 virus.
Not only formal education is affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, non-formal education is also affected in the learning process activities carried out. The Center for Community Learning Activities (PKBM) is a learning institution engaged in the world of non-formal education with its main target being the community. The main function of the community learning activity center (PKBM) is as a learning platform for the community related to non-formal education. In Sumberkima Village, Gerokgak Subdistrict, Buleleng Regency, Bali there is also a Community Learning Activity Center (PKBM). Learning Activity Center Sustainable Community (PKBM) in Sumberkima village was established in 2010. The existence of PKBM is a result of the high number of dropouts.
The results of the interview with PKBM Lestari also explained that in this pandemic period all learning process activities were carried out online. Similarly, the learning process activities in PKBM where all learning process activities are also carried out online as well. Similarly, the research conducted by Dwi Ario Fajar et al (2021) where the research also discussed the online learning process conducted by PKBM in Pekalongan Regency. This certainly starts from a circular letter from the Minister of Education that requires the online learning process to be carried out. Then, the research conducted by Novia Nur Kharisma et al (2020) where the research was also an improvement of the online learning process conducted by PKBM Budi Utama Surabaya during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Due to the lack of preparation in the face of the current phenomenon situation will arise some problems. One of them is where the difficulties experienced by PKBM Lestari participants are on average from the un sejahterah. Lack of technology ownership and understanding of the use of technology that resulted in PKBM learning becomes hampered. The presentation of these constraints, researchers also outlined the efforts made to overcome the obstacles to pkbm lestari learning during the Covid19 pandemic. The efforts that will be presented will be seen from educators at PKBM Lestari who their strategies overcome obstacles in online learning. Furthermore, the efforts made by PKBM Lestari member participants in overcoming the obstacles faced when the online learning process takes place.
Similar studies in this study include research conducted by Novia Nur Kharisma, Maria Veronika Roesminingsih, and Suhanadji (2020) entitled An Overview of the Online Learning Needs of Budi Utama PKBM Surabaya During the Covid-19 Pandemic. The common issue discussed in this research is the focus of the object of this research is learning from PKBM during the Covid-19 pandemic. Then as for the first difference, the research location. This research was conducted in Surabaya, namely at PKBM Budi Utama Surabaya, while the current research was conducted at PKBM Lestari in Sumberkima Village. Second, the focus of the research study issues discussed is a description of the online learning needs at PKBM Budi Utama Surabaya, while the current research focuses on the issue of the study being studied is the learning process at PKBM Lestari during the Covid-19 pandemic. Third, the research method used in this study is quantitative descriptive, while the current research uses descriptive qualitative research methods.
In the study research PKBM Lestari Sumberkima Village in the Covid-19 pandemic can be studied using the following theories and concepts.

1) Learning Activity Center Community (PKBM)
The Center for Community Learning Activities (PKBM) is basically a container for the community to be able to follow learning activities. This was proposed in Law No. 20 of 2003 on national education which established PKBM as one of the non-formal education units.
According to Fasli Jalal, PKBM is a forum for every citizen so that they are more empowered (Qomariyah, 2014) This container belongs to the community, managed from, by, and for the community. Community Learning Activity Center, is seen as a "center" where every community has the right to follow PKBM in accordance with its wishes. The object of the study this time focused on PKBM Lestari located in Sumberkima Village. The existence of PKBM Lestari is motivated by the number of children who drop out of school in formal education. One of PKBM Lestari's programs is an equality program such as package A study group program, package B and package C.

2) Social Change
According to Selo Soemardjan in (Wulansari, 2009) social change is changes that occur in community institutions that affect the social system, and affect the values, attitudes, and behavior patterns between groups in society. Society is a group of individuals who are social creatures who will always experience social change wherever they are. Social change is essentially a complex phenomenon that penetrates the stages of social life. Society as a social system in its form will always experience changes in the form of progress or setbacks. Society as a system consisting of sub-systems will interact with each other starting from economic subsystems, social sub-systems, cultural sub-systems, and other sub-systems either directly or indirectly. Changes that are sourced from within society in the form of new formulations of critical people, population pressures, and also in the form of climate change. While social changes caused from outside society exist partly in the social environment and again lies in the expanding power of civilization.

3) Social Adaptation
Adaptation is a personal adjustment to the environment, this adjustment can mean changing the personal self according to the circumstances of the environment, it can also mean changing the environment according to the personal wishes of the inner gerungan (Rivai dan Sagala, 2016). Then Soekanto in (Rivai dan Sagala, 2016) who said that social adaptation is a way for society to achieve obstacles from the environment, adjustment to norms, adjustment to changing conditions and the process of utilizing limited resources for environmental interests. Judging from the theory of John Bennet who said that the adaptation strategy is a series of elements about a symptom that can be used as a reference in describing the symptoms themselves with various plans in order to solve the problem at hand. Oberg in (Rivai dan Sagala, 2016) states that there are 4 stages in the adaptation process, namely honeymoon, culture shock, recovery and adjustment.

Methodology
In conducting this study, the authors used descriptive qualitative methods with PKBM Lestari learning research objects during the Covid-19 pandemic using interview, observation, and documentation studies methods.

How to Process Learning PKBM Lestari Sumberkima Village during the Covid-19 Pandemic?
Learning applied at PKBM Lestari uses a face-to-face meeting learning model as well as learning at home. Face-to-face learning is done three times a week. As for the place of face-to-face learning conducted by PKBM Lestari still borrows the cloud, namely in SD N 5 Pejarakan. This is done because PKBM Lestari still does not have enough buildings to accommodate the face-to-face learning process with all PKBM Lestari members. Mr. Sasmito said that face-to-face learning conducted by PKBM Lestari which once a meeting was held with a duration of 3 full hours without rest and was carried out on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday learning activities are usually carried out in the afternoon. Learning is not only done when face-to-face, but according to the speech of Mr. Sasmito who is where the learning of PKBM Lestari members is done at home as well. In order to achieve the maximum learning goals, home learning is also one of the solutions.
In accordance with the Circular Letter, PKBM Lestari also applies online learning or learning at home in full. The change in learning from face-to-face to online learning occurs very quickly with a period of only a month. The driving factor of the change is the change in nature where the Covid-19 Virus is the source of disease so that the community is encouraged to make changes, one of which is face-to-face learning turned into online learning.
The social changes that are happening right now are not planned. Such change occurs beyond the reach of society because it occurs without will. So that online learning at the beginning of its application can not be maximized. Researchers had interviewed one of the state high school teachers in Pemuteran Village, Mr. Rashid, according to his narration that online learning that beliu carried out could not be as much as face-to-face learning in the form of achievement of learning outcomes. Like the concept of social adaptation, namely culture shock felt by Mr. Rashid where he has not prepared online learning to be maximal, so he only maximizes learning with existing media only and is easy to access in the countryside.
Similarly, the PKBM Lestari process certainly experienced culture shock as well where they usually conduct face-to-face meetings three days a week, but currently they do online learning fully. Actually they before the Covid-19 pandemic have done learning from home as well, but like the narration of one of the learners at PKBM, Komang Mangku, which according to Komang Mangku said that of course it will be different learning process before and now during the pandemic. According to Mangku learning before the pandemic he was more active when face-toface learning took place because it would be easier to communicate with educators. Likewise, delivered by Agus Edi Saputra, according to his speech he did not feel a significant difference to the change of face-to-face learning into online learning. From previous experience before the Covid-19 pandemic now according to him the intention of learning from PKBM Lestari learners how the intention follows the learning implemented. Agus also added that when face-to-face learning is carried out but the intention to learn is not there, of course they will not be able to get learning achievements. Conversely, if online learning is carried out even though impressed without careful preparation, but the intention to learn high will certainly be able to achieve maximum learning results.
Online learning carried out by PKBM Lestari uses WA Group as its medium. This was conveyed directly by Mr. Sasmito who is one of the educators at PKBM Lestari. As for the rationale they only use WA Group as a learning medium is the first, the use of WA Group is very easy to use because the media has been used to communicate and carry out learning before the Covid-19 pandemic exists. Furthermore, PKBM Lestari learners are certainly very easy to follow learning using WA Group because it is one of the applications that are widely used to communicate in everyday life. Then the last rational online learning using WA Group is not too dependent on the high quality of internet signals, it's just that there must still be internet kouta on everyone's mobile phone.

What are the Obstacles Experienced When the Learning Process of PKBM Lestari during the Covid-19 Pandemic?
The online learning process at PKBM Lestari where there are several obstacles faced in the online learning process. Here are the obstacles experienced during the online learning process at PKBM Sustainable among them. a. Students who do not have mobile phones Economic conditions people during the Covid-19 pandemic is in decline. The profession of community work around PKBM Lestari is domesticated by farmers, fishermen, and private workers on whom they depend on the tourism sector. Agricultural sales and fishermen's products are currently certainly reduced, it is a result of the Covid19 pandemic where the tourism sector can be said to be almost paralyzed. Only a few hotels can still survive with different policies, of course, before the Covid-19 pandemic. The policy is in the form of wages that are cut in half from usual, the enactment of the 15-day working system, as well as reduced hotel room and destination prices in order to still attract local visitors to vacation there. Students who still do not have a mobile phone certainly can not follow this online learning. Before the Covid-19 pandemic of course they can still follow face-to-face learning, then they learn independently at home. But nowadays when the learning process is applied online, some learners cannot follow it. b. Constrained kouta internet data Compiled from the official page of the Ministry of Education which is the Minister of Education and Culture (Mendikbud) Nadiem Anwar Makarim inaugurated the internet data assistance policy in 2020, virtually, Friday (24/09) (Kemendikbud, 2020b). The policy is expected to help access information for teachers, students, students, and lecturers in undergoing Distance Learning (PJJ) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Welded from Kemendikbud.co.id on July 6, 2021. The results of the interview with Mr. Rasyid also said that he and his students get the help of kouta internet, kouta internet data obtained is distributed every month . In contrast to non-formal education, based on the speaker of PKBM Lestari Mr. I Made Swasta that educators and learners at PKBM Lestari do not get internet assistance. People's incomes that declined during the Covid-19 pandemic forced them to manage their expenses in order to survive. Similarly, pkbm lestari learners where some of them are constrained in the purchase of internet kouta. The use of internet kouta is quite a lot also makes them become unable to maximize in following online learning because their internet kouta is not enough. c. There are students who have worked PKBM Lestari has an Equality Education program for Package B and Package C where participants are those who drop out of school from various backgrounds. Through this nonformal education, those who have worked or have a family can follow it. Similarly, pkbm lestari members some of the participants have worked, but during the Covid-19 pandemic they flocked to find odd jobs so that they could improve the family economy. This is the obstacle when online learning takes place where unlike before the Covid-19 pandemic they have agreed to carry out face-to-face learning in the afternoon. Based on the narration of Mr. Sasmito who when he taught there were some students who reasoned were working, so they could not follow online learning to the fullest. d. Lack of ability in using technology PKBM Lestari learners come from various educational backgrounds, families, welfare, and different environments so that the ability to use mobile phones as a means of communication is different. Pkbm Lestari learning process fully uses WA Group with the rationale described above. But according to the father's speech Sasmito, there are still learners who are less proficient in using WA Group media to follow the learning process. This will certainly be an obstacle for students to follow the learning, so that online learning can not run optimally as well.

How to Overcome the Obstacles Experienced When the Learning Process of PKBM Lestari Sumberkima Village during the Covid-19 Pandemic?
Based on the obstacles experienced when the pkbm lestari learning process that has been described above. Here are efforts to overcome these obstacles carried out by pkbm lestari management and carried out by learners who are persistent and eager to still be able to follow this online learning. a. Submission of internet data kouta As already explained above about the distribution of internet data kouta assistance from the Minister of Education that is channeled to help students, teachers, students, and lecturers to maximize the online learning process. Reflecting on the policy, Chairman of PKBM Lestari Mr. I Made Swasta also tried to overcome the constraints of internet data kouta on learners in the PKBM Lestari which becomes an obstacle in following the learning process. According to mr. Private's speech where he has submitted internet data assistance to the government, but has not received a bright spot from the government. Until now, learners and educators at PKBM Lestari do not get help from internet data from the government. b. Group study Seeing the constraints of learners ranging from the lack of technology supporting online learning, internet data, and lack of ability to use technology based on this management PKBM Lestari also tried to find a solution where the solution is that learners are directed to carry out group learning in the nearest member who has such support facilities. According to Mr. Sasmito's speech, learners are directed to carry out group learning with a maximum of three members and still adhere to health protocols. The solution was followed by learners where they looked for the closest members of the house to carry out group learning. Edi and Mangku became a study group because their houses were close together. According to their narrative, group learning becomes a fairly effective solution where they can motivate each other to encourage online learning. They also take turns in the use of mobile phones to reduce the use of internet data kouta. c. Equality Education Exam is conducted face-to-face Educational Exam Activities Equality (UPK) is held from April 27 to April 30, which is held face-to-face. This is done in order to maximize the implementation of the UPK. By complying with all health protocols, these activities are carried out with lancer and do not cause clusters of Covid-19 spread. Researchers in this case participated in the implementation of the Equality Education Exam. The enthusiasm of the learners is very high, so that pkbm lestari management also has a high spirit also to provide maximum service. d. Collection and collection of tasks can be directly to the PKBM Office Other solutions in the online learning process carried out by PKBM Lestari are the taking of materials, taking tasks, and collecting tasks can be directly sent to the PKBM Lestari Office. According to mr. Sasmito said the solution was taken looking at the background of the obstacles experienced by learners. So, they are directed to be able to come directly to the PKBM Lestari Office to take or collect tasks to limit the online learning process so that it can be carried out to the maximum.

Conclusion
Learning at PKBM Lestari follows the directions in accordance with the circular letter of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The change in the learning process from face-to-face to online certainly requires adjustments and habits that must be trained because of the demands of the pandemic. At the beginning of the online learning implemented in PKBM Lestari, there were several obstacles faced, these obstacles were due to the lack of readiness in implementing online learning. However, as online learning activities progress, this can be overcome through discussions in the ranks of the PKBM Lestari management and discussions with students so that the learning process can run optimally. Based on the above conclusions, it was found that advice in various fields, namely PKBM Lestari Sumberkima Village as one of the references in improving spirit and creativity in providing learning through PKBM Lestari in Sumberkima Village during the Covid-19 pandemic. There are several obstacles in the implementation of online learning, but of course there are solutions obtained to anticipate these obstacles in order to maximize online learning activities in PKBM Lestari, so as to be able to give birth to quality human resources. Then to the Sociological Education Study Program Undiksha, it is expected that this research can be used as a discussion material in the form of learning supplements for when the lecture process related to educational sociology courses and social change.