LEXICONS OF TABUH RAH USED IN MENYALI VILLAGE

This study investigated the lexicons used in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. This research was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative study. The focus of this study was to find out lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. The data of this study were obtained by conducting observation and interview with three informants who were from from Menyali village. The object of this study was Tabuh Rah lexicons that exist in Menyali village. The result of this study shows that there were seventy-one lexicons existing in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. Those seventy-one lexicons were grouped based on their categories, including twelve lexicons which were concerned with series of events, fifteen lexicons dealt with Tabuh Rah facilities, six lexicons were found in roles in Tabuh Rah, three lexicons concerned with Tabuh Rah arena, four lexicons had something to do with kinds of offerings, twelve lexicons related to types of cocks, six lexicons dealt with types of taji pairings and thirteen lexicons were concerned with betting codes. All of the lexicons had their own meaning and function in the ceremony. The villagers kept using Tabuh Rah lexicons during the ceremony in order to maintain the language, especially maintaining Tabuh Rah lexicons in Menyali village.

lexicons that exist within the language. Lexicons, as defined by Hestiyana (2017), are the list of words that consist of meaning and their usage which are used by a community. From this point, Balinese people have their own list of words or lexicons that are used to communicate each other in their community. Balinese lexicons are also used to conduct daily and cultural activities by Balinese people in their environment.
Unfortunately, Balinese language is endangered from existence nowadays. Giri (2017) states that one of the Balinese's culture that face globalization is Balinese language itself. The reason is that some Balinese people start to abandon their own mother tongue and they often use Indonesian to communicate in daily life. It means that Balinese language as a mother tongue language is not used by people as main language in communication. Moreover, Giri (2017) also proposes that Balinese language can be extinct in 2041 if Balinese people abandon their vernacular language. Related to this point, there are many Balinese lexicons that are endangered from extinction because many people do not know the meaning of the lexicons. One of the examples of Balinese lexicons that are endangered from extinction nowadays is the ones that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony.
Tabuh Rah is one of the ceremonial activity that is done using animals in Bali. According to Suastika (2015), Tabuh Rah derived from two words, Tabuh which means pay and Rah means blood. It means that Tabuh Rah is a payment blood ceremony. According to Kniten and Gunanta (2005), Tabuh Rah is a ceremonial activity of spilling blood of animals to the evil spirit power (Bhuta Kala/ Bhuta Kali) to bring positive energy in the five holy offerings ceremony (Panca Yadnya). This is ceremonial event that is done in the temple which uses cocks as a media for conducting cockfighting in order to spill blood to the ground.
The process of conducting this ceremony is that two cocks are attached by taji (sharp knife tied on cock's leg) then they will fight each other until of the them spill blood into the ground. Angel (2019) adds that Tabuh Rah is a religious event which has meaning as ceremonial that contain sacrifice for evil spirit (Bhuta Kala). Many lexicons exist in this ceremony and the lexicons that exist in this ceremony are unique ones because some of them can only be found in this ceremony. The examples of the lexicons are ngudud (cleaning and decorating the temple), Guwungan (chicken cage), pakembar (the main referee in the cockfighting event), and many more. Tabuh Rah lexicons enrich Balinese vocabularies.
As time goes by, many Balinese people do not know the meaning of the lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony. This statement is supported from previous research that was conducted by Sutama in 2011. Sutama conducted a study about lexicons that existed in cockfighting, especially lexicons in tajen event. There were forty-six lexicons found and they were endangered from extinction nowadays. It means that the lexicons need to be conserved. In order to prevent cockfighting lexicons become extinct, this study is needed to be conducted.
One of the villages that still conducts Tabuh Rah ceremony in Bali. Many of Menyali villagers do not know all of the lexicons that are found in Tabuh Rah ceremony. Many people have lack of interest in this ceremony and they do not attend the ceremony fully from the beginning until the end of the ceremony. If many people in Menyali village do not know the meaning of the lexicons used in Tabuh Rah, the lexicons would probably be forgotten by the people. The lexicons could possibly become language death. Language death is a condition when there are no speakers that speak that language anymore (Holmes, 2013). From this point, the condition of Tabuh Rah lexicons in Menyali village are threatened from extinction.
From this phenomenon, Balinese people need to conserve the lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony. Budasi, et al. (2016) state that conserving the language is important in the certain community. From this point, Tabuh Rah lexicons are important to be maintained in order to keep the lexicons and the ceremony alive in Bali, especially in Menyali village. Maintaining the lexicons can be done using concept of ecolinguistics, especially in language conservation. Adityarini (2016) mentions that documenting the lexicons that exist a tradition is one way to conserve the tradition and the lexicons itself. From this point, documenting the lexicons of Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village is one of the ways to maintain the language and the ceremony. From that point, language maintenance is needed to be conducted, especially maintaining Tabuh Rah lexicons and prevent them from extinction.
From the explanation previously, this study is important to be conducted. The purpose of this study is to find out Tabuh Rah lexicons that are used in Menyali village. The focuses of this study is to find out, describe and document Tabuh Rah lexicons that exist in Menyali village.

METHOD
This study was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative study. Sugiyono (2017) defines qualitative study as a study that investigates about natural condition. In this study, the data were presented and described using words or phrases. This study took place in Menyali village. Menyali village was chosen because this village still conduct Tabuh Rah ceremony. Moreover, Tabuh Rah lexicons in this village need to be conserve to make the lexicons keep alive.
The subjects of this study were three informants who were experts in Tabuh Rah ceremony. The subjects were chosen because they were native speakers of Balinese language and native speakers from Menyali village. The subjects were chosen as the informants. These three informants were divided into one primary informant who gave data about Tabuh Rah lexicons in Menyali village and the two secondary informants gave additional data and completed the data from primary informants. The object of this study was the lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village.
The data of this study were obtained through observation and interviewing the informants using interview guide and observation sheet. There were two steps of collecting data of this study, namely conducting observation and interviewing the informants. The first step was conducting observation in order to observe village's condition and observing Tabuh Rah ceremony itself. During the ceremony, there were many lexicons found. The lexicons were noted and recorded. The second step was conducting interview with three informants in order to get all of Tabuh Rah lexicons and theirs meaning that were used in Menyali village. After all of the data were obtained, the data were transcribed, analyzed and described in this study qualitatively.
This study used data analysis method model from Miles and Huberman (1994). There were three levels of analyzing the data, namely data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing and verifying. In data reduction, the data of Tabuh Rah lexicons were grouped into eight groups based on when the lexicons were used. In data display, the data were presented by presenting the lexicons and theirs meaning. In conclusion drawing or verifying, the data were concluded in this step.

FINDING AND DISCUSSION
There were seventy-one Tabuh Rah lexicons that exist in Menyali village. The seventy-one lexicons were grouped into eight different categories based on when the lexicons were used during the ceremony, in which the categories were based on: 1) series of events, 2) Tabuh Rah facilities, 3) roles in Tabuh Rah, 4) Tabuh Rah arena, 5) kinds of offering in Tabuh Rah, 6) types of cocks, 7) types of taji pairings, and 8) betting system.
The first category is the lexicons found in series of events. In Menyali village, Tabuh Rah ceremony is held as the series of Pujawali events (temple ceremony events). The ceremonies were done in the temple, specifically in Pura Bale Agung (Bale Agung Temple). There are twelve lexicons found related to series of events in this ceremony. The lexicons of series of events are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Series of Events Lexicons
No Lexicons Description 1 ngudud The activity of cleaning and decorating temple's area before conducting the ceremony 2 katur bakti piuning The activity of conducting prayer aimed at asking God's permission before conducting the ceremony 3 katur bakti panggungan The activity of conducting prayer around Tabuh Rah arena 4 makebo-keboan Fighting ceremony using uang kepeng (coins) 5 ngadu tingkih Fighting ceremony using candlenuts 6 ngadu taluh Fighting ceremony using eggs 7 ngadu ngiu Fighting ceremony using ngiu 8 tabuh rah Fighting ceremony using cocks 9 Mebat Balinese traditional cooking activity that is done by men 10 Merani Conducting prayer to the God in the temple 11 Ngembal Conducting prayer to the God in the temple 12 Nunas Activity of consuming food after the ceremony is ended Referring to table 1, it showed the lexicons of series of events in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. All of the lexicons were the activities that are done before and after Tabuh Rah ceremony itself. The first activity is called ngudud, in which the villagers clean and decorate the temple three days before the ceremony is held. After that, there is katur bakti piuning which is done for asking permission to the God to make the ceremony runs well. Katur bakti panggungan is done in order to ask God's permission to succeed cockfighting ceremony and give blessing to the ceremony and around the arena. Before conducting cockfighting ceremony, there are some fighting ceremonies that must be done first in this village, namely makebo-keboan (using uang kepeng/coins as media of fighting ceremony), ngadu tingkih (using candlenuts as media of fighting ceremony), ngadu taluh (using eggs as media of fighting ceremony), and ngadu ngiu (using ngiu as media of fighting ceremony). After all of those fighting ceremonies are done, then Tabuh Rah ceremony is done. This ceremony is done by using two cocks that fight each other until one of them drip blood to the ground. Mebat is the activity of cooking in the temple's kitchen, in which the meat used are the cocks that fight in the cockfighting ceremony previously. Merani and ngembal are the activity of praying to God in the temple. The differences between merani and ngembal is how the villagers bring the offering to the temple. The villagers bring dulang (circle shaped tray) in merani, meanwhile the villagers bring sokasi (Balinese handmade box from bamboo used to place offerings) in ngembal to the temple. Nunas is the last activity that the villagers consume food, fruit from their offering and meat from mebat activity in the end of the ceremony. This activity is conducted as the celebration because the ceremony is already done.
The second category is that the lexicons that deal with Tabuh Rah facilities. All of the facilities are needed in order to conduct the ceremony. The facilities have their own function during the ceremony. There are fifteen lexicons found in this category. Table 2 presents the lexicons of Tabuh Rah facilities and their description. Referring to table 2, there are fifteen lexicons found regarding to Tabuh Rah facilities during the ceremony. Ayam aduan is the fighting cocks used in cockfighting activities. Ayam aduan are the roosters that are trained to fight in cockfighting. There are three pairs of cocks (six cocks) used in this ceremony. The cockfighting is conducted only in three rounds. Toh dedamping is bet companion used for betting during the cockfighting. Toh dedamping contains uang kepeng/ pis bolong. Uang kepeng/ pis bolong is the coins that has purposes as currency in the cockfighting event. Using toh dedamping (uang kepeng/ pis bolong) means that the cockfighting is for ceremonial purposes. Tingkih is candlenuts used for conducting ngadu tingkih. Taluh is egg used for conducting ngadu taluh. Ngiu is a round shape household made of bamboo used for conducting ngadu ngiu.
Taji is a sharp knife attached on chickens' leg has function as a weapon for them to fight. Guwungan and kere are chicken cage. Kisa is chicken cage shaped like a bag used for carrying the roosters. Kemong is a small gong that has function as a signal to start and end the cock fighting. Bulang is a yarn used for attaching taji on chicken's leg. Cengkilik is a tool made of coconut shell placed on tempayan (water container) that has function to give signal for giving treatment to the cocks. When cengkilik sinks, it means that the cockfighting must be paused, then pakembar gives treatment to their cocks. After that, the cockfighting is continued. Yeh in this ceremony means holy water that is taken from holy spring. Yeh is placed inside tempayan.
The third category is that the lexicons that are concerned with roles in Tabuh Rah. There are six lexicons found in this category. All of the roles in Tabuh Rah have their own duties. Table 3 presents the lexicons in roles in Tabuh Rah and their own description. Referring to table 3, all of the roles in Tabuh Rah ceremony has their own duties. Pakemong is the main referee that has right to decide the result of the cockfighting. The other duty of pakemong is that hit the kemong to mark the start and the end of the cockfighting. Saya is basic referee that has duty to watch and take a note about the movements of the cocks. After the end of the cockfighting, saya reports the result of the cockfighting to the pakemong. Pakembar are the people who hold the cocks before starting the fighting and they attach taji on chickens' leg. Bebotoh means the gamblers who gamble in the cockfighting event. Bebotoh use real money to gamble in this event.
Bebotoh has their own betting codes to gamble in this cockfighting. Pecalang is the local security officers that has duty to ensure the ceremony goes well and ensure the safety during the ceremony. Krama desa is the villagers that join the ceremony and they watch the cockfighting to entertain themselves during the ceremony.
The forth category is the lexicons that are found in Tabuh Rah arena. The arena of cockfighting is mainly conducted in wantilan, but sometimes the villagers build their own cockfighting area. There are three lexicons concerned with Tabuh Rah arena in Menyali village, in which they are presented in table 4. Wantilan is the hall in the temple that is usually used for conducting Tabuh Rah ceremony. Satang is the boundary of the cockfighting's arena. The cocks cannot pass the arena's boundary. The cocks that pass satang is disqualified. Pah-pah jaka is the decoration made of coconut leaf hanging in the ceiling of wantilan.
The fifth category is that the lexicons that have something to do with kinds of offerings in Tabuh Rah ceremony. In this category, there are four lexicons found related to kinds of offerings in Tabuh Rah ceremony. The lexicons and their own description are presented in table 5. Referring to table 5, each offering has their own function in the ceremony. Banten pejati/ banten piuning is the offering that is offered during katur bakti piuning in order to ask God's permission to give blessing for conducting the ceremony. Banten seetan is the offering that is offered in Tabuh Rah arena during katur bakti panggungan in order to make the cockfighting runs well. Caru and segehan are the kinds of offering that are offered on the ground for evil spirit power (Bhuta Kala) to them not distributing the ceremony.
The sixth category of Tabuh Rah lexicons is types of cocks' lexicons. There are many variants of cocks used in this ceremony. Twelve lexicons are found in this category. The lexicons of types of cocks are presented in table 6. Referring to table 6, there are some kinds of cocks found in Menyali village. Siap buik is a cock that has colorful feathers. Siap kelau is a cock that has gray color feathers. Siap bihing is a cock that has red color feathers. Siap wangkas is the cock that has two colors, its chest colored white and its wings colored red. Siap brumbun is a cock that has three colors, such as red, white and black. Siap sa is the cock that has white color feathers. Siap ook is the cock that has very thick feather on its neck. Siap jambul is the cock that has crest on its head. Siap ijo is the cock that has greenish color feathers. Siap godek is the cock that its legs have feathers. Siap sangkur is a cock that does not have tail. The last one is cundang which means the cock that are defeated in the cockfighting.
The seventh category is types of taji pairings lexicons. Taji is a sharp knife that used by cocks as a weapon for fighting. Pangkal taji (base of taji) are attached to the chickens' leg by pakembar before the fighting start. Sometimes types of taji pairings depend on the request from bebotoh. There are six lexicons that are related to types of taji pairings found in Menyali village. Table 7 provides the lexicons of taji pairings and the descriptions. Nemerang is the base of taji is tied to outside of cock's left leg. Nemerang yeng is the way of attaching base of taji outside of cock's right leg. Ngesor is attaching base of taji to the middle of cock's toe. These are the type of taji pairings lexicons that can be found in Menyali village.
The last category is the lexicons that exist in betting codes in this ceremony. Tabuh Rah is actually a ceremonial event that does not use real money for gambling, but some of the gamblers use real money to bet each other. Moreover, many people compete their cocks in this cockfighting event. Cockfighting that uses real money to bet is called as tajen. In Menyali village, tajen happens after three rounds of cockfighting in Tabuh Rah ceremony. This activity usually happens in different places from Tabuh Rah ceremony. Bebotoh (gamblers) have their own betting codes to bet. The gamblers will shout out their betting codes before the cockfighting is started, then other gamblers will reply the betting code that is stated. After two gamblers agree each other with the bet code and which cocks they will support, then the gamblers watch the cockfighting. After the fighting is done, the gambler who win the gambling will approach their opponent and the opponent will give money depend on the amount of the betting code that is agreed previously. There are thirteen lexicons that are related to betting codes. Table 8 presents the lexicons of betting code and their descriptions. Betting codes 5 Asah Betting system which the amount of bet is equal (1:1) 6 Pada Betting system which the amount of bet is equal (1:1) 7 Gasal Betting system which the amount of bet is four against five (4:5) 8 Keteluan Betting system which the amount of bet is two against three (2:3) 9 Kecok Betting system which the amount of bet is three against four (3:4) 10 Kedapang Betting system which the amount of bet is nine to against ten (9:10) 11 Kapit Betting system which the amount of bet is one against two (1:2) 12 Ukup Winning the gambling 13 Kene Losing the gambling Referring to table 8, thirteen lexicons exist related to betting codes lexicons in Menyali village. Ringgit is the currency used in tajen event, in which one ringgit is equal to 2,500 rupiahs. Dase ringgit is equal to 25,000 rupiahs. Metoh is the activity of doing gambling or betting. Meanwhile, toh is the betting codes used by the gamblers. Asah is the betting code that amount of bet is equal, which is, one against one (1:1). When bebotoh bet 100,000 rupiahs, they will get 100,000 rupiahs when they win the gambling and they will lose 100,000 rupiahs when they lose the gambling. Pada has some rule with asah, in which the amount of bet is one against one (1:1). Gasal is the betting codes which the amount of bet is four against five (4:5). This betting code means that the gamblers who shout gasal will bet four and their opponent will bet five, for the example 40,000 vs 50,000 rupiahs. If bebotoh who shout gasal win the gambling, they will get 40.000 rupiahs. Meanwhile, if they lose the gamble, they will pay 50,000 rupiahs to their opponent. Keteluan is the betting codes which the bet is two against three (2:3). This betting codes means that the gamblers who shout the codes will bet two and their opponent will bet three, for the example 20,000 vs 30,000 rupiahs. If the gamblers who shout keteluan win, they will get 20.000 rupiahs, but they have to pay 30,000 rupiahs when they lose the gambling. The betting code that the amount of bet is three against four (3:4) called as kecok. Kecok means the gamblers who shout this betting codes will bet three against four with their opponent. The amount of money that is bet in this codes is 30,000 vs 40,000 rupiahs for example. When the gamblers who shout kecok win, they will get 30,000 rupiahs. However, they have to pay 40,000 rupiahs when they lose the gambling. Kedapang is the betting code that the amount of bet is nine against ten (9:10). It means that bebotoh will bet nine against ten, for example 90,000 vs 100,000 rupiahs. When bebotoh who shout kedapang win, they will get 90,000 rupiahs, but when they lose, they have to pay 100,000 rupiahs to their opponent. Kapit means the amount of bet is one against two (1:2). The example of bet in this code is 100,000 vs 200,000 rupiahs. When bebotoh shout kapit, they will get 100,000 when they win the gambling. However, they will pay to their opponent 200,000 rupiahs when they lose the game. The lexicon ukup is the term to indicate the winner of the gambling. Meanwhile, lexicon kene is used to indicate bebotoh who lose the gambling.
From ecolinguistics point of view, Tabuh Rah lexicons, the villagers and the environment of Menyali village are connected each other. This statement supports the theory of ecolinguistics suggested by Haugen (1972, in Tarigan & Sofyan, 2018 who argues that ecolinguistics is a study that focusses on the interaction of language and environment. From this theory, the result of this present study shows that Menyali villagers use the language (Tabuh Rah lexicons) in their environment to communicate each other. The existence of Tabuh Rah ceremony proves that Tabuh Rah lexicons exist in this village. It also proves that the villagers use the lexicons to communicate each other during the ceremony with their community.
The lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony need to be maintained by Menyali villagers in order to make the lexicons keep existing. According to Abdelhadi (2017), language maintenance is the way of a group of people keep using their language. Habtoor (2012) also mentions that language maintenance is related to language survival, in which the language will survive if there are the speakers who speak the language. From the result of this research, the lexicons of Tabuh Rah ceremony are maintained well by the villagers because the villagers use all of the lexicons during the ceremony for conducting and communicating each other. From this point, the villagers are aware of using their mother language in order to make Balinese language, especially Tabuh Rah lexicons. This is the way of how Menyali villagers show their effort for maintaining Tabuh Rah lexicons. Moreover, this study also documents the lexicons of Tabuh Rah in Menyali village. It means that this study also helps Menyali villagers maintain Tabuh Rah lexicons by documenting them. Maintaining Tabuh Rah lexicons also mean that the villagers maintain their Tabuh Rah tradition.
From the finding of this study, this study found that Tabuh Rah lexicons still exist in Menyali village. There are seventy-one lexicons found related to Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. All of the lexicons have their own meaning and function in the ceremony. There are some lexicons that are rarely used in daily communication and they can only be found during the ceremony, but the lexicons still exist and they are used by the villagers during the ceremony. The results of this study shows that the villagers maintained the lexicons well because they use them in conversation. From this point, it means that language death does not happen in Tabuh Rah lexicons in Menyali village because all of the lexicons still exist in this village. This is the first research that was conducted to investigate Tabuh Rah lexicons in Menyali village. The finding of this study is different from other studies that was conducted by Sutama (2011). Sutama (2011) investigates the lexicons that exist in cockfighting, especially in Tajen event, but this study focused on finding out the lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. This study found out and described the lexicons that were found in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village. Thus, the result of this study showed that this study is new study that is conducted to identify lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony in Menyali village.

CONCLUSION
From the results of this study, it can be concluded that there are seventy-one Tabuh Rah lexicons that are found in Menyali village, in which the lexicons are classified into series of events (twelve lexicons), Tabuh Rah facilities (fifteen lexicons), roles in Tabuh Rah (six lexicons), Tabuh Rah arena (three lexicons), kinds of offerings (four lexicons), types of cocks (twelve lexicons), types of taji pairings (six lexicons) and betting codes (thirteen lexicons). The lexicons that are found this study have their own meaning and function during the ceremony. All of the lexicons are used during the ceremony. Using the lexicons to conduct and communicate during the ceremony is the way of maintaining the language which is done by the villagers. From the results of this study, there are some suggestions that can be delivered. The first suggestion goes to Balinese people. Balinese people need to maintain their language, especially lexicons that exist in Tabuh Rah ceremony in order to avoid them from extinction. The second suggestion goes to the educators. The educators can teach and give the examples of Tabuh Rah lexicons to their students in order to make them familiar with the lexicons of Tabuh Rah, especially for Balinese people. The last suggestion goes to the other researchers. Other researchers are expected to investigate the word formation, the origin and cultural meaning of Tabuh Rah lexicons, especially the ones that exist in Menyali village.