Kewarganegaraan yang Dimediasi: Kemunculan Broker Perempuan dalam Menyediakan Akses ke Layanan Publik

Isi Artikel Utama

Mahpudin Mahpudin

Abstrak

Pengalaman kewarganegaraan di negara-negara belahan dunia selatan seperti Indonesia lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh praktik informalitas. Interaksi warga dan negara dimediasi oleh seorang broker yang bertugas membantu klien mereka – utamanya warga miskin – dalam pemenuhan hak-hak kewargaan. Artikel ini memfokuskan pada agensi broker perempuan dalam konteks kewarganegaraan yang dimediasi. Hal ini merujuk pada kenyataan empiris bahwa desa-desa di Indonesia umumnya terdapat perempuan yang terlibat aktif menjalankan peran sebagai mediator seperti membantu warga mengurus pembuatan dokumen kependudukan, layanan kesehatan, bantuan sosial, dan akses terhadap keuntungan sumber daya negara lainnya. Makalah ini memilih Desa Sukamenak, Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten sebagai lokus penelitian. Dimensi yang ingin dipotret yaitu: mengapa perempuan menjadi broker dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi dengan klien, pemerintah, dan sesama broker. Riset ini menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan broker perempuan sebagai respon atas kinerja pemerintah yang penuh ketidakpastian dan tidak efektif. Broker mengandalkan pengalaman personal mereka dalam mengakses pelayanan publik dan membangun koneksi personal dengan birokrat. Hubungan broker perempuan dengan klien terpelihara dengan rapi melalui mekanisme “moral ekonomi”. Pada beberapa kasus terjadi kompetisi dan kompromi antar broker perempuan dalam memperebutkan klien yang tinggal di wilayah yang sama.

Rincian Artikel

Bagian
Articles

Referensi

Ansari, A., & Chambers, T. (2022). Gendering the everyday state: Muslim women, claim-making & brokerage in India. Contemporary South Asia, 30(1), 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09584935.2021.2021856

Antonsich, M. (2010). Searching for belonging - An analytical framework. Geography Compass, 4(6), 644–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00317.x

Aspinall, E. (2014). When Brokers Betray: Clientelism, Social Networks, and Electoral Politics in Indonesia. Critical Asian Studies, 46(4), 545–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2014.960706

Auerbach, A. M. (2015). Clients and Communities: The Political Economy of Party Network Organization and Development in India’s Urban Slums. World Politics, 68(1), 111–148. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887115000313

Berenschot, W., & Bagchi, S. (2020). Comparing Brokers in India: Informal Networks and Access to Public Services in Bihar and Gujarat. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 50(3), 457–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472336.2019.1605535

Berenschot, W., Hanani, R., & Sambodho, P. (2018). Brokers and citizenship: access to health care in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 129–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445493

Berenschot, W., & van Klinken, G. (2018). Informality and citizenship: the everyday state in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 95–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445494

Blunt, P., Turner, M., & Lindroth, H. (2012). Patronage, Service Delivery, and Social Justice in Indonesia. International Journal of Public Administration, 35(3), 214–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2011.641050

Bohman, J. (2014). Republican citizenship. Handbook of Political Citizenship and Social Movements, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781954706.00010

Creswell. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset (3rd ed.). Pustaka Pelajar.

Daby, M. (2021). The Gender Gap in Political Clientelism: Problem-Solving Networks and the Division of Political Work in Argentina. Comparative Political Studies, 54(2), 215–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414020926194

Darwin, R. L. (2017). The power of female brokers: Local elections in North Aceh. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 39(3), 532–551. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs39-3g

Effendi, W. R. (2018). Konsepsi Kewarganegaraan dalam Perspektif Tradisi Liberal dan Republikan. Jurnal Trias Politika, 2(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.33373/jtp.v2i1.1238

Erdal, M. B., Doeland, E. M., & Tellander, E. (2018). How citizenship matters (or not): the citizenship–belonging nexus explored among residents in Oslo, Norway. Citizenship Studies, 22(7), 705–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1508415

Gottlieb, J. (2017). Explaining Variation in Broker Strategies: A Lab-in-the-Field Experiment in Senegal. Comparative Political Studies, 50(11), 1556–1592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414017695336

Holland, A. C., & Palmer-Rubin, B. (2015). Beyond the Machine: Clientelist Brokers and Interest Organizations in Latin America. Comparative Political Studies, 48(9), 1186–1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414015574883

Isin, F. I., & Turner, S. B. (2002). Citizenship Studies: An Introduction. In E. I. and B. S. Turner (Ed.), Handbook of Citizenship Studies (1st ed., pp. 1–12). SAGE Publications Ltd.

Lieres, L. P. and B. von. (2014). Mediated Citizenship: The Informal Politics of Speaking for Citizens in the Global South. November, 1–22. https://studydirect.sussex.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=954979

Manik, T. S., & Samsuri, S. (2021). Pendekatan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia. Jurnal Citizenship Virtues, 1(1), 42–50. https://doi.org/10.37640/jcv.v1i1.915

Marshall, T. . (1950). Citizenship and Social Class. University Press.

Nisaul Fadillah. (2020). Female brokers: Mobilising voters within Indonesia’s Majelis Taklim Network. Global Media Journal Australian, 14(1), 12.

Robins, S., Cornwall, A., & von Lieres, B. (2008). Rethinking “citizenship” in the postcolony. Third World Quarterly, 29(6), 1069–1086. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590802201048

Saskia E, W. (2013). The Birth of the New Order State in Indonesia: Sexual Politics and Nationalism. Journal Of Women’s History, 15(1), 70–91. https://doi.org/10.1353/jowh.2003.0039

Sayer, A. (2000). Moral Economy and Political Economy. Studies in Political Economy, 61(1), 79–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/19187033.2000.11675254

Serpa, S., & Ferreira, C. M. (2019). The Concept of Bureaucracy by Max Weber. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 7(2), 12. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i2.3979

Stokke, K. (2017). Politics of citizenship: Towards an analytical framework. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift, 71(4), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2017.1369454

Suryakusuma, J. I. (1996). The State and Sexuality in New Order Indonesia (S. Laurie J (ed.)). Duke University Press.

Tawakkal, G. T. I., Kistanto, N. H., Asy’ari, H., Pradhanawati, A., & Garner, A. D. (2017). Why Brokers Don’t Betray: Social Status and Brokerage Activity in Central Java. Asian Affairs(UK), 44(2), 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/00927678.2017.1307641

Thun, V. (2016). Liberal, Communitarian or Cosmopolitan? (Issue October). http://www.arena.uio.no

Tidey, S. (2016). Between the ethical and the right thing: How (not) to be corrupt in Indonesian bureaucracy in an age of good governance. American Ethnologist, 43(4), 663–676. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12382

Utama, A. (2017). Proyek e-KTP: Kisah perjuangan mendapatkan sekeping kartu identitas. Bbc.Com. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-42326444

Van Bochove, M., Rusinovic, K., & Engbersen, G. (2010). The multiplicity of citizenship: Transnational and local practices and identifications of middle-class migrants. Global Networks, 10(3), 344–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00292.x

van Klinken, G. (2018). Citizenship and local practices of rule in Indonesia. Citizenship Studies, 22(2), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2018.1445489