Kewarganegaraan yang Dimediasi: Kemunculan Broker Perempuan dalam Menyediakan Akses ke Layanan Publik
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Abstrak
Pengalaman kewarganegaraan di negara-negara belahan dunia selatan seperti Indonesia lebih banyak dipengaruhi oleh praktik informalitas. Interaksi warga dan negara dimediasi oleh seorang broker yang bertugas membantu klien mereka – utamanya warga miskin – dalam pemenuhan hak-hak kewargaan. Artikel ini memfokuskan pada agensi broker perempuan dalam konteks kewarganegaraan yang dimediasi. Hal ini merujuk pada kenyataan empiris bahwa desa-desa di Indonesia umumnya terdapat perempuan yang terlibat aktif menjalankan peran sebagai mediator seperti membantu warga mengurus pembuatan dokumen kependudukan, layanan kesehatan, bantuan sosial, dan akses terhadap keuntungan sumber daya negara lainnya. Makalah ini memilih Desa Sukamenak, Kabupaten Serang, Provinsi Banten sebagai lokus penelitian. Dimensi yang ingin dipotret yaitu: mengapa perempuan menjadi broker dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi dengan klien, pemerintah, dan sesama broker. Riset ini menunjukkan bahwa kemunculan broker perempuan sebagai respon atas kinerja pemerintah yang penuh ketidakpastian dan tidak efektif. Broker mengandalkan pengalaman personal mereka dalam mengakses pelayanan publik dan membangun koneksi personal dengan birokrat. Hubungan broker perempuan dengan klien terpelihara dengan rapi melalui mekanisme “moral ekonomi”. Pada beberapa kasus terjadi kompetisi dan kompromi antar broker perempuan dalam memperebutkan klien yang tinggal di wilayah yang sama.
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