Travel Constraints, Trust, Travel Motivation and Travel Intention :
A Case Study of Covid 19 Pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/jmpp.v6i1.65559Keywords:
travel constraint, trust, travel motivation, travel intentionAbstract
The limitation of traveling refers to individual limitations; namely, interpersonal and intrapersonal constraints. However, trust shapes the traveler’s confidence to travel. Furthermore, travelers need motivation as their push factor to appeal their interest in traveling. This study aims to explore the relationship between travel constraints and trust on travel intention and travel motivation as the mediating variable. The sample was determined by using purposive sampling on Indonesia’s travelers who travelled during the Covid-19 pandemic, from March 2020 to February 2021 using online questionnaire. Results indicated that the intrapersonal constraint had positive effects on travel intention and travel motivation. On the other hand, interpersonal constraints and trust did not affect travel intention nor travel motivation. Therefore, the research results imply a positive contribution to the collaborative development theories between Theory Planned Behavior and those related in tourism sector. Leaders in tourism business sectors could plan their marketing strategies in a fast-changing pace in the world such as, the crises of Covid-19 pandemic to bring people’s motivation out in order to be interested in traveling again although with several terms and conditions after the human mobility was curtailed.
References
Abubakar, A. M., & Ilkan, M. (2016). Impact of online WOM on destination trust and intention to travel: A medical tourism perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 5(3), 192–201.
Andreani, F., & Njo, A. (2021). The impact of travel constraints on travel intention,” in Promoting Creative Tourism: Current Issues in Tourism Research. Routledge, 652–658.
Andreu, L., Kozak, M., Avci, N., & Cifter, N. (2006). Market segmentation by motivations to travel: British tourists visiting Turkey. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(1), 1–14.
Armstrong, R. W., & Mok, C. (1995). Leisure travel destination choice criteria of Hong Kong residents. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 4(1), 99–104.
Blazey, M. A. (1987). The differences between participants and non-participants in a senior travel program. Journal of Travel Research, 26(1), 7–12.
Chang, S.-H., & Lin, R. (2015). Building a total customer experience model: applications for the travel experiences in Taiwan’s creative life industry. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(4), 438–453.
Chen, Y.-C., Shang, R.-A., & Li, M.-J. (2014). The effects of perceived relevance of travel blogs’ content on the behavioral intention to visit a tourist destination. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 787–799.
Colquitt, J. A., & Rodell, J. B. (2011). Justice, trust, and trustworthiness: A longitudinal analysis integrating three theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Journal, 54(6), 1183–1206.
Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127.
Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320.
Decrop, A. (2006). Vacation decision making.
Devesa, M., Laguna, M., & Palacios, A. (2010). The role of motivation in visitor satisfaction: Empirical evidence in rural tourism. Tourism Management, 31(4), 547–552.
Furumo, K., & Pearson, J. M. (2007). Gender-based communication styles, trust, and satisfaction in virtual teams. Journal of Information, Information Technology & Organizations, 2.
Gefen, D., Karahanna, E., & Straub, D. W. (2003). Trust and TAM in online shopping: An integrated model. MIS Quarterly, 51–90.
George, R. (2004). Marketing South African Tourism. Oxford University Press, USA.
Howard, D. R., & Crompton, J. L. (1984). Who are the consumers of public park and recreation services? An analysis of the users and non-users of three municipal leisure service organizations. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 2(3), 33–48.
Huang, S., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2009). Effects of travel motivation, past experience, perceived constraint, and attitude on revisit intention. Journal of Travel Research, 48(1), 29–44.
Hudson, S. (2000). The segmentation of potential tourists: Constraint differences between men and women. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 363–368.
Hudson, S., & Gilbert, D. (2000). Tourism constraints: The neglected dimension in consumer behaviour research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8(4), 69–78.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012a). Comparing constraints to cruising between cruisers and non-cruisers: A test of the constraint-effects-mitigation model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29(3), 242–262.
Hung, K., & Petrick, J. F. (2012b). Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism Management, 33(4), 855–867.
Jang, S. S., & Feng, R. (2007). Temporal destination revisit intention: The effects of novelty seeking and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 28(2), 580–590.
Kerstetter, D. L., Yen, .-Y., & Yarnal, C. M. (2005). Plowing uncharted waters: A study of perceived constraints to cruise travel. Tourism Analysis, 10(2), 137–150.
Kim, N.-S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695–707.
Kluin, J. Y., & Lehto, X. Y. (2012). Measuring family reunion travel motivations. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 820–841.
Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589–599.
Lee, B. K., Agarwal, S., & Kim, H. J. (2012). Influences of travel constraints on the people with disabilities’ intention to travel: An application of Seligman’s helplessness theory. Tourism Management, 33(3), 569–579.
Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3), 606–624.
Li, M., & Cai, L. A. (2012). The effects of personal values on travel motivation and behavioral intention. Journal of Travel Research, 51(4), 473–487.
March, R. S., & Woodside, A. G. (2005). Woodside, Tourism behaviour: travellers’ decisions and actions. Cabi Publishing.
Morgan, R. M., & Hunt, S. D. (1994). The commitment-trust theory of relationship marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 20–38.
Nicolau, J. L., & Mas, F. J. (2006). The influence of distance and prices on the choice of tourist destinations: The moderating role of motivations. Tourism Management, 27(5), 982–996.
Nyaupane, G. P., & Andereck, K. L. (2008). Understanding travel constraints: Application and extension of a leisure constraints model. Journal of Travel Research, 46(4), 433–439.
Schurr, P. H., & Ozanne, J. L. (1985). Influences on exchange processes: Buyers’ preconceptions of a seller’s trustworthiness and bargaining toughness. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(4), 939–953.
Sirdeshmukh, D., Singh, J., & Sabol, B. (2002). Consumer trust, value, and loyalty in relational exchanges. Journal of Marketing, 66(1), 15–37.
Tang, Y. (2014). Dark touristic perception: Motivation, experience and benefits interpreted from the visit to seismic memorial sites in Sichuan province. Journal of Mountain Science, 11(5), 1326–1341.
UNWTO. (2019). World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2019 Editi). https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284421152
Venkatesh, V. (2006). Where to go from here? Thoughts on future directions for research on individual‐level technology adoption with a focus on decision making. Decision Sciences, 37(4), 497–518.
Walker, G. J., & Virden, R. J. (2005). Constraints on outdoor recreation. Constraints to Leisure, 201, 219.
Zhang, Y., Li, J., Liu, C.-H., Shen, Y., & Li, G. (2020). The effect of novelty on travel intention: the mediating effect of brand equity and travel motivation. Management Decision.
