Heavy Metal Toxicity of Pb in the Organs of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in the Watershed Due to Hospital Waste
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/jstundiksha.v13i3.84865Kata Kunci:
Heavy Metals; Hospital Waste; Tilapia; AASAbstrak
The toxicity levels of heavy metals accumulated in water and sediment due to hospital waste discharge not only impact the environment but also pose a significant threat to human health. Long-term accumulation of these metals in the body may lead to degenerative diseases such as cancer. This concern highlights the urgency of conducting laboratory-based experimental research to identify the distribution of heavy metals in aquatic environments caused by hospital waste. The study employs Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) as a bioindicator, a species capable of absorbing metals through its tissues. The research subjects consisted of 35 Nile tilapia with a body length of 8–12 cm and a weight of 12–15 grams, alongside hospital waste samples collected from three discharge points. Data collection methods included sample preparation of both hospital waste and Nile tilapia, treatment with varying concentrations of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), and maintenance durations of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The concentration of Pb in the gills and muscle tissue of the fish was measured using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The analytical data, represented as heavy metal concentrations, were plotted on a graph showing the relationship between concentration variations and maintenance durations and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with nonparametric Tukey's test. The analysis revealed that the highest Pb concentration was observed in the gills of Nile tilapia on day 28 at 1.57 ppm, while the Pb concentration in muscle tissue reached 0.25 ppm on day 21. According to BPOM standards, Pb levels in Nile tilapia muscle tissue remain within the safe consumption threshold (≤0.3 ppm), whereas Pb levels in the gills exceeded the tolerance limit. This study provides scientific evidence on the risks of heavy metal accumulation in aquatic biota due to hospital waste and underscores the importance of improved waste management practices to safeguard public health and the environment.
Referensi
(EPA). (2020). Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. U.S. EPA. https://www.epa.gov/risk/human-health-risk-assessment
Alam, Z. F., Concepcion, C. K. V., Abdulrahman, J. D., & Sanchez, M. A. S. (2019). Biomonitoring of water bodies in metro Manila, philippines using heavy metal analysis and erythrocyte micronucleus assay in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 18(3), 685–696. https://neptjournal.com.
Aliyas, S. Ndobe, & Ya’la, Z. R. (2016). Pertumbuhan Dan Kelangsungan Hidup Ikan Nila (Oreochromis sp.) Yang Dipelihara Pada Media Bersalinitas. Jurnal Sains Dan Teknologi Tadulako, 5(1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.30649/fisheries.v4i1.61.
Azaman, F., Juahir, H., Yunus, K., Azid, A., Kamarudin, M. K. A., Toriman, M. E., Mustafa, A. D., Amran, M. A., Hasnama, C. N. C., & Saudi, A. S. M. (2015). Heavy metal in fish: Analysis and human health-a review. Jurnal Teknologi, 77(1), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v77.4182.
Azizah, M., & Maslahat, M. (2021). Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb), Kadmium (Cd), dan Merkuri (Hg) di dalam Tubuh Ikan Wader (Barbodes binotatus) dan Air Sungai Cikaniki, Kabupaten Bogor. Limnotek : Perairan Darat Tropis Di Indonesia, 28(2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.14203/limnotek.v28i2.331.
Berlianti, N. A., Widodo, C. S., & Juswono, U. P. (2014). Studi Tentang Pengaruh Limbah Pencemar Terhadap Kandungan Radikal Bebas pada Organ Insang Ikan Nila ( Oreochromis Niloticus ). Natural B, 2(4), 355–359. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper.
BPOM, B. P. O. dan M. (2018). Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 7 Tahun 2018 tentang Bahan Baku yang dilarang dalam Pangan Olahan. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/183201/peraturan-bpom-no-7-tahun-2018.
BSN. (2009). SNI 7387:2009 Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat dalam Pangan. Batas Maksimum Cemaran Logam Berat Dalam Pangan, 1–29. https://sertifikasibbia.com/upload/logam_berat.pdf.
Busira, J. J. Q. D., Prihatmo, G., & Pakpahan, S. (2020). Kadar Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) di Sungai Gajah Wong, Yogyakarta. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biologi Di Era Pandemi COVID-19, September, 372–379. https://doi.org/10.24252/psb.v6i1.15896.
Cahyani, N., Lumban Batu, D. T. F., & Sulistiono, S. (2017). Heavy Metal Contain Pb, Hg, Cd and Cu in Whiting Fish (Sillago sihama) Muscle in Estuary of Donan River, Cilacap, Central Java. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 19(3), 267. https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v19i3.15090.
Clara, J. (2022). Analisis Konsentrasi Logam Berat Kadmium (Cd) dan Timbal (Pb) Pada Air, Sedimen, dan Tiram (Crassostrea sp.) Di Sungai Tapak, Kecamatan Tugu, Kota Semarang. JFMR-Journal of Fisheries and Marine Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jfmr.2022.006.01.7.
Ermawati, R., & Hartanto, L. (2017). Pemetaan Sumber Pencemar Sungai Lamat Kabupaten Magelang. Jurnal Sains &Teknologi Lingkungan, 9(2), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.20885/jstl.vol9.iss2.art3.
Garg, S., Chowdhury, Z. Z., Faisal, A. N. M., Rumjit, N. P., & Thomas, P. (2022). Impact of Industrial Wastewater on Environment and Human Health BT - Advanced Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation of Water: Comparative Study of Water Pollution Index during Pre-industrial, Industrial Period and Prospect of Wastewater Treatment for Water Resource Conservation (S. Roy, A. Garg, S. Garg, & T. A. Tran (eds.); pp. 197–209). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83811-9_10.
Gomes, I. B., Simões, L. C., & Simões, M. (2018). The effects of emerging environmental contaminants on Stenotrophomonas maltophilia isolated from drinking water in planktonic and sessile states. Science of The Total Environment, 643, 1348–1356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.263.
Guevarra, R. D., Paraso, M. G. V., & Lola, M. S. E. G. (2020). Biomarker evaluation in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to assess the health status of aquaculture areas in the Seven Lakes of San Pablo. Philippine Journal of Science, 149(3), 833–840. https://doi.org/10.56899/149.3a.11.
Hama Aziz, K. H., Mustafa, F. S., Omer, K. M., Hama, S., Hamarawf, R. F., & Rahman, K. O. (2023). Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment: efficient and low-cost removal approaches to eliminate their toxicity: a review. RSC Advances, 13(26), 17595–17610. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3ra00723e.
Khalil, C., Al Hageh, C., Korfali, S., & Khnayzer, R. S. (2018). Municipal leachates health risks: Chemical and cytotoxicity assessment from regulated and unregulated municipal dumpsites in Lebanon. Chemosphere, 208, 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.151.
Khan, M. T., Shah, I. A., Ihsanullah, I., Naushad, M., Ali, S., Shah, S. H. A., & Mohammad, A. W. (2021). Hospital wastewater as a source of environmental contamination: An overview of management practices, environmental risks, and treatment processes. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 41(1), 101990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.101990.
Kirana, G. C., Khairuddin, K., & Yamin, M. (2022). Analyss of Heavy Metal Content of Copper (Cu) in Cork Fish From Rawa Taliwang Lake, West Sumbawa Regency 2021. Jurnal Biologi Tropis, 22(3), 1033–1039. https://doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i3.3957.
Lestari, R., & Susanto, H. (2019). The Effectiveness of Wastewater Treatment Plants in Removing Heavy Metals. Journal of Environmental Technology, 17(1), 45–55.
Maddusa, S. S., Paputungan, M. G., Syarifuddin, A. R., Maambuat, J., & Alla, G. (2017). Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal ( Pb ), Merkuri ( Hg ), Zink ( Zn ) Dan Arsen ( As ) Pada Ikan Dan Air Sungai Tondano , Sulawesi Utara. Al-Sihah: Public Health Science Journal, 9(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.24252/as.v9i2.3766.
Mendoza, L. C., Nolos, R. C., Villaflores, O. B., Apostol, E. M. D., & Senoro, D. B. (2023). Detection of Heavy Metals, Their Distribution in Tilapia spp., and Health Risks Assessment. Toxics, 11(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11030286.
Mester, T., Szabó, G., Sajtos, Z., Baranyai, E., Szabó, G., & Balla, D. (2022). Environmental Hazards of an Unrecultivated Liquid Waste Disposal Site on Soil and Groundwater. Water (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14020226.
Noor, S. Y. (2020). Konsentrasi logam berat Kadmium ( Cd ) dan Timbal ( Pb ) pada air , sedimen dan Ikan Nila ( Oreochromis niloticus Linn .) di Danau Limboto. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan, 1(1), 289–293. https://semnasfkipunsam.id/index.php/semnas2019/article/view/113.
Nurrachmi, I., & Amin, B. (2010). Kandungan Logam Cd, Cu, Pb dan Zn Pada Ikan Gulama (Sciaena Russelli) dari Perairan Dumai Riau: Amankah Untuk Dikonsumsi? Jurnal Teknobiologi, 1(1), 72–84. https://teknobiologi.ejournal.unri.ac.id/index.php/JTB/article/view/1954.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2021). Lampiran VI tentang Baku Mutu Air Nasional - PP Nomor 22 Tahun 2021 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia, 1(1), 483. https://jdih.setkab.go.id/PUUdoc/176367/PP_Nomor_22_Tahun_2021.pdf.
Pratiwi, D. Y. (2020). Dampak Pencemaran Logam Berat (Timbal, Tembaga, Merkuri, Kadmium, Krom) Terhadap Organisme Perairan Dan Kesehatan Manusia. Jurnal Akuatek, 1(1), 59–65. https://doi.org/10.24198/akuatek.v1i1.28135.
Pratiwi, D. Y., Nugroho, A. P., & Yustiati, A. (2019). Bioakumulasi ion tembaga pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus l.) di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL), Bantul. Jurnal Akuatika Indonesia, 4(2), 57–64. https://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jaki.v4i2.25260.
Priatna, D. E., Purnomo, T., & Kuswanti, N. (2016). Kadar Logam Berat Timbal ( Pb ) pada Air dan Ikan Bader ( Barbonymus gonionotus ) di Sungai Brantas Wilayah Mojokerto The Content of Heavy Metal Lead ( Pb ) in the Water and Bader Fish ( Barbonymus gonionotus ) of Brantas River , Mojokerto Region. Lentera Bio, 5(1), 48–53. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper.
Purwanto, A. I., Prihatmo, G., & Pakpahan, S. (2020). Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) pada Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) dan Ikan Bawal (Colossoma macropomum) di Sungai Winongo, Yogyakarta. Sciscitatio, 1(2), 70–78. https://doi.org/10.21460/sciscitatio.2020.12.31.
Rahayu, Y., Juwana, I., Marganingrum, D., & Lingkungan, J. T. (2018). Kajian Perhitungan Beban Pencemaran Air Sungai Di Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Cikapundung dari Sektor Domestik. Jurnal Rekayasa Hijau, 2(1), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.26760/jrh.v2i1.2043.
Santi, A., & Arsyad, M. A. (2021). Kualitas Air dan Cemaran Logam Berat Merkuri ( Hg ) dan Timbal ( Pb ) pada Ikan Nila ( Oreochromis niloticus ) Hasil Tangkapan dari Waduk Tunggu Pampang Kota Makassar Water Quality and Heavy Metal Contamination of Mercury ( Hg ) and Lead ( Pb ) in Tilapia. Galung Tropika, 10(3), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v10i3.799.
Setiawan, A., Riyanto, T., & Santoso, P. (2021). The Impact of Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health: A Literature Review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 39(4), 183–195. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i4.3900.
Shah, M. T. (2020). Determination of heavy metals in drinking water and their adverse effects on human health. A review. Pure and Applied Biology, 9(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90012.
Sukoasih, A., & Widiyanto, T. (2017). Hubungan Antara Suhu, pH dan Berbagai Variasi Jarak dengan Kadar Timbal (Pb) pada Badan Air Sungai Rompang dan Air Sumur Gali Industri Sokaraja Tengah Tahun 2016. Buletin Keslingmas, 36(4), 360–368. https://doi.org/10.31983/keslingmas.v36i4.3115.
Susilo, B., & Ahmad, F. (2020). The Role of Bioindicators in Monitoring Heavy Metal Pollution in River Waters. Environmental Monitoring Journal, 22(3), 102–111. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02349387.
Xu, H., Gao, Q., & Yuan, B. (2022). Analysis and identification of pollution sources of comprehensive river water quality: Evidence from two river basins in China. Ecological Indicators, 135, 108561. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2022.108561.
Yuniarti, E., Ramadhani, S., Efitra, E., & Gustiani, W. (2023). Viamin. PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PfbDEAAAQBAJ.
Zuhairah, Sitompul, E., Sitorus, E., & Silalahi, Y. C. E. (2020). Analisa Cemaran Logam Merkuri Pada Ikan Air Laut Dan Udang Secara Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom ( Ssa ) Analysis of Metal Mercury Pollution in Seawater Fish and Shrimp. FARMANESIA, 7(2), 15–18. https://e-journal.sari-mutiara.ac.id/index.php/2/article/view/3413.
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2024 Nindha Ayu Berlianti Nindha, Yuda Cahyoargo Hariadi, Arry Yuariatun Nurhayati, Wenny Maulina, Firda Fadri
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi (JST) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)
