Flipbook-Based Digital Comic Learning Media in Science Content to Improve Student Learning Outcomes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/jlls.v6i3.68053Keywords:
Digital Comics, IPAS, Learning OutcomesAbstract
The problem that often occurs today in schools is the need for more learning media that supports learning activities, making learning boring. This research aims to develop flipbook-based digital comic learning media on science content to improve student learning outcomes. This type of research is development research using the Borg and Gall model. The subjects in this research consisted of 23 students of class IV B. The data collection techniques used were test and non-test techniques. Observations, questionnaires, and interviews carry out non-test techniques. Meanwhile, the test technique is carried out using pretest and posttest. Data collection instruments use questionnaires and test questions. The techniques used to analyze the data are qualitative, quantitative, and N-gain descriptive analysis. The research results, namely the results of expert tests carried out by material experts, obtained a percentage of 91.7% with very feasible criteria and 90% for media experts with very feasible criteria. Based on effectiveness, the learning outcomes of class IV students have increased on average from 55 to 85. It is proven by the N-Gain test, namely an N-Gain of 0.69, which shows the category is quite effective. It was concluded that flipbook-based digital comics in science and science learning, norm material in my local customs, were valid and suitable for learning. This research implies that using flipbook-based digital comics can improve student learning outcomes.
References
Abdurrohim, M., Tryanasari, D., & Hartini. (2020). Development of Puppet-Based E-Comic Material on Changing Energy Forms and Alternative Energy Sources for Class IV Elementary School. Pancar (Education of Intelligent Smart Children), 4(2), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.52802/pancar.v4i2.4.
Aeni, WA, & Yusupa, A. (2018). E-Comic Learning Media Model for High School. Kwangsan Journal: Journal of Educational Technology, 6(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.31800/jtp.kw.v6n1.p43-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31800/jtp.kw.v6n1.p43--59
Ambaryani, & Airlanda, GS (2017). Development of Comic Media for Effectiveness and Improving Cognitive Learning Outcomes on Physical Environmental Change Material. Journal of Surya Education (JPSE), 3(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.37729/jpse.v3i1.3853.
Andani, DT, & Yulian, M. (2018). Development of Electronic Book Teaching Materials Using Kvisoft Flipbook Software on Basic Chemical Legal Material at SMA Negeri 1 Panton Reu, West Aceh. Journal of Science & Science Learning, 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.24815/jipi.v2i1.10730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24815/jipi.v2i1.10730
Andrian, Y., & Rusman, R. (2019). Implementation of 21st century learning in the 2013 curriculum. Educational Science Research Journal, 12(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v12i1.20116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v12i1.20116
Andriana, E., Syachruroji, A., Alamsyah, TP, & Sumirat, F. (2017). Natural science Big Book with Baduy local wisdom base media development for elementary school. Indonesian Journal of Science Education, 6(1), 76–80. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.8674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v6i1.8674
Annisa, M., Abrori, FM, Alwahid, SM, Nordiansyah, M., Risma, R., Hasbiah, H., Amelia, DP, & Gita, SD (2021). The Process Skills Approach with Mind Map Media Through Lesson Study Improving Students' Learning Outcomes. JPI (Indonesian Education Journal), 10(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i1.17320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v10i1.17320
Aprilia, T. (2021). Effectiveness of Using Contextually Based Flipbook Science Media to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Abilities. Journal of Educational Science Research, 14(1), 10–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v14i1.32059. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jpipfip.v14i1.32059
Asnawi, Mulyahati, B., & Fransyaigu, R. (2023). Strengthening Teacher Competence in Training on Making "E-Comics" Teaching Materials in Elementary Schools. Community Development Journal: Journal of Community Service, 4(1), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.31004/CDJ.V4I2.12255.
Astutik, AF, Rusijono, & Suprijono, A. (2021). Development of Digital Comic Media in Social Studies Learning to Strengthen the Character of Class V Students at SDN Geluran 1 Taman. Journal of Education and development, South Tapanuli Education Institute, 9(3), 543–554. https://doi.org/10.37081/ed.v9i3.2894.
Awwaliyah, HS, Rahayu, R., & Muhlisin, A. (2021). Development of a flipbook-based e-module to increase learning motivation for Tema Cahaya Middle School students. Indonesian Journal of Natural Science Education (IJNSE), 4(2), 516–523. https://doi.org/10.31002/nse.v4i2.1899. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31002/nse.v4i2.1899
Ayu, Manu, & Priantini. (2020). The Development Of Teaching Video Media Based On Tri Kaya Parisudha In Educational Psychology Courses. Journal of Educational Technology, 4, 448–455. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i4.29608.
Balbay, S., & Kilis, S. (2017). Students' Perceptions of the use of a YouTube channel specifically designed for an academic speaking skills course. Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.461003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32601/ejal.461003
Basri, H. (2018). Strategy for Learning English Vocabulary. English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (English Vocabulary, 11(2), 432–444. https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v8i2.468.
Bouton, E., Tal, S. B., & Asterhan, C. S. C. (2021). Students, social network technology and learning in higher education: Visions of collaborative knowledge construction vs. the reality of knowledge sharing. The Internet and Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100787. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100787
Chen, Y. (2022). How to Improve the Quality of Youth Education in Developing Countries. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Education, Language and Art (ICELA 2021), 637(Icela 2021), 266–270. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220131.048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220131.048
Dagnew, A., Dar, B., Mekonnen, D., & Dar, B. (2020). Innovative Research in Education eight students' concept of photosynthesis, primary school: Ethiopia. International Journal of Innovative Research in Education, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18844/ijire.v7i1.4655. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/ijire.v7i1.4655
Darmaji, Kurniawan, DA, Astalini, Lumbantoruan, A., & Samosir, SC (2019). Mobile learning in higher education for the industrial revolution 4.0: Perception and response of physics practice. In International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (Vol 13, Number 9). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i09.10948. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i09.10948
Dewi, NLPJ, & Sujana, IW (2021). Learning Multimedia Based on RPG Maker MV Material for Circumference and Area of Flat Shapes for Elementary School Students. Journal of Educational Technology, 5(3), 365. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i2.34462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i2.34462
Dewi, NSN, Supriyono, Y., & Saputra, Y. (2020). Development of Gamification-Based Language Learning Media for Teachers in the Al Amin Sindangkasih-Ciamis Islamic Boarding School Environment. E-Dimas: Journal of Community Service, 11(3), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.26877/e-dimas.v11i3.5146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26877/e-dimas.v11i3.5146
Firdaus, M., & Wilujeng, I. (2018). Development of guided inquiry LKPD to improve critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes. Journal of Science Education Innovation, 4(1), 26–40. https://doi.org/10.21831/jipi.v4i1.5574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jipi.v4i1.5574
Firmansyah, D. (2015). The Influence of Learning Strategies and Interest in Learning on Mathematics Learning Outcomes. Unsika Education Journal, 3, 34–44. https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v3i2.118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v3i2.118
Goldin, C., & Katz, L.F. (2019). The Race between Education and Technology. The Race between Education and Technology, 287–323. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9x5x.11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9x5x.11
Handayani, T. (2021). Development of STEM-Based Digital Comic Media to Improve Elementary School Students' Scientific Literacy. Journal of Elementary Education Didactics, 5(3), 737–756. https://doi.org/10.26811/didaktika.v5i3.343. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26811/didaktika.v5i3.343
Hardiyanti, DA, Fakhriyah, F., & Fathurohman, I. (2019). Development of Comic Strip Media Based on Local Excellence in Fiction Style and Story Material in Class IV with Indonesian Language and Natural Science Content. In Proceedings of the 2019 National Basic Education Performance National Seminar (PPDN), 1(1), 397–407.
Hardiyanti, Y., Husain, MS, & Nurabdiansyah. (2019). Design of Color Recognition Media for Early Childhood. Journal of Arts and Educational Imagination, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.26858/i.v2i2.9553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26858/i.v2i2.9553
Hendriawan, MA, & Muhammad, GS (2018). Development of Jimath as Android-Based Mathematics Learning Multimedia for High School Students. MaPan: Journal of Mathematical Da, 6(1), 274–288. https://doi.org/10.24252/mapan.2018v6n1a12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24252/mapan.2018v6n2a12
Hidayah, YF, Siswandari, S., & Sudiyanto, S. (2017). Development of Digital Accounting Comic Media on Material for Preparing Bank Reconciliation Reports for Vocational School Students. Journal of Education and Culture, 2(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v2i2.588. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24832/jpnk.v2i2.588
Hobri, Adeliyanti, S., Fatekurrahman, M., Wijaya, HT, Oktavianingtyas, E., Putri, IWS, & Ridlo, ZR (2021). E-Comic Mathematics Based on STEAM-CC and its Effect on Students Creative Thinking Ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1839(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1839/1/012036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1839/1/012036
Humaeroh, S., & Dewi, DA (2021). The Role of Citizenship Education in the Era of Globalization in Forming Student Character. Journal on Education, 3(3), 216–222. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v3i3.381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v3i3.381
Irfan, M., Kusumaningrum, B., Yulia, Y., Widodo, SA, Info, A., Learning, O., & Learning, M. (2020). Challenges During the Pandemic: Use of E-Learning in Mathematics Learning in Higher Education. Infinity: Journal of Mathematics Education, 9(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v9i2.p147-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22460/infinity.v9i2.p147-158
Krishna, PDM, Sudhita, IWR, & Mahadewi, LPP (2015). Development of Learning Video Media for Science Subjects for Class VIII Even Semester Students. Ganesha Education University e-Journal Edutech Department of Educational Technology, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.2387/jeu.v3i1.5701.
Kurniawati, U., & Koeswanti, HD (2021). Development of Kodig Learning Media to Improve Student Learning Achievement in Elementary Schools. Basicedu Journal, 5(2), 1046–1052. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.843
Lailatussaadah, L., Fitriyawany, F., Erfiati, E., & Mutia, S. (2020). Supporting and Inhibiting Factors in the Implementation of In-Service PPG Online Learning (Daljab) among Female Teachers in Aceh. Gender Equality: International Journal of Child and Gender Studies, 6(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.22373/equality.v6i2.7735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22373/equality.v6i2.7735
Laksmi, NLPA, & Suniasih, NW (2021). Development of E-Comic Learning Media Based on Problem Based Learning on Water Cycle Material in Science Content. Scientific Journal of Education and Learning, 5(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v5i1.32911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v5i1.32911
Lestari, R., Haryono, T., & Erman, E. (2021). Using comic-based socio-scientific issues in inquiry learning to increase interest and achievement in science learning. Thabiea : Journal of Natural Science Teaching, 4(1), 62. https://doi.org/10.21043/thabiea.v4i1.9919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21043/thabiea.v4i1.9919
Masturah, ED, Mahadewi, LPP, & Simamora. (2018). Development of Pop-Up Book Learning Media in Science Subjects for Class III Elementary Schools. EDUTECH Journal…, 6(2), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v6i2.20294.
Megantari, KA, Margunayasa, IG, & Agustina, AGT (2021). Learning Natural Resources Through Digital Comic Media. Journal of Elementary School Teacher Education Department, 9(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v9i1.34251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v9i1.34251
Melindawati, S., Apfani, S., & Suryani, AI (2021). The Effect of Using the Problem Based Learning Model Assisted by Audio Visual Media on Students' Critical Thinking Skills in Learning Basic Social Science Concepts at PGSD STKIP Adzkia. Journal of Elementary School Education and Learning Innovation, 5(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.24036/jippsd.v5i2.114255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24036/jippsd.v5i2.114255
Nopiantari, I., & Agung, AAG (2021). Improving Learning Outcomes Through Learning Videos on Material about My Nation's Cultural Diversity Containing Social Problems. Undiksha Edutech Journal, 8(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32058. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32058
Perdana, MA, Wibowo, DE, & Budiarto, MK (2021). Digitalization of learning media through digital book development using the flipbook application. Journal of Education and Teaching, 54, 263–272. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v54i2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v54i2.34639
Pinatih, SAC, Putra, DBK, & Semara, N. (2021). Development of Digital Comic Media Based on a Scientific Approach to Natural Science Content. Journal of Educational Research and Development, 5(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppp.v5i1.32279.
Priantini, DA (2020). The Development Of Teaching Video Media Based On Tri Kaya Parisudha In Educational Psychology Courses. Journal of Educational Technology, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i4.29608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v4i4.29608
Purnami, KD, & Suarni, NK (2021). Audio Visual Learning Media Based on Environmental Conservation on the Topic of the Water Cycle for Class V Elementary School. Pulpit Science, 26(3), 390. https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v26i3.37829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v26i3.37829
Rahayuningsih, S. (2020). Animation media of animal husbandry thematic science learning to stimulate scientific attitude in early childhood. International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i1.17959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i1.17959
Rahmata, A., Tuljannah, LaiRahmata, A., Tuljannah, L., Chotimah, SC, & Fiangga, S. (2020). Validity of Mathematics E-Comic Based on Problem Solving on Congruence Material. Journal of Mathematics Learning Review, 5(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.15642/jrpm.2020.5.1.53-65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/jrpm.2020.5.1.53-65
Rahmawati, F., & Ramadan, ZH (2021). Improving High-Level Thinking Skills in Students Through Powtoon-Based Animation Video Media. Journal of Educational Technology, 5(4), 654. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i4.41037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i4.41037
Rahmi, A., Rustini, T., & Wahyuningsih, Y. (2021). Developing the Character Values of Elementary School Students through Social Studies Learning in Elementary Schools. Educative: Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(6), 5136–5142. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i6.1640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i6.1640
Risdiany, H., & Lestari, T. (2021). The Influence of Upin and Ipin Cartoon Films on Children's Moral Development. Educative: Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(4), 1366–1372. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i4.577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i4.577
Roemintoyo, R., & Budiarto, MK (2021). Flipbook as Innovation of Digital Learning Media: Preparing Education for Facing and Facilitating 21st Century Learning. Journal of Educational Technology, 5(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i1.32362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i1.32362
Rofiq, A., Mahadewi, LPP, & Parmiti, DP (2019). Development of Interactive Learning Multimedia in Integrated Social Sciences Subjects. Journal of Educational Technology, 3(3), 126. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21732
Satya Yoga, D., Suarmini, NW, & Prabowo, S. (2015). The role of the family is very important in mental education, children's character and morals. Journal of Social Humanities, 8(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v8i1.1241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v8i1.1241
Setiawan, NCE, Dasna, IW, & Muchson, M. (2020). Development of a Digital Flipbook to Facilitate Multiple Representation Learning Needs on Volta Cell Material. Hydrogen: Journal of Chemical Education, 8(2), 107. https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v8i2.3194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/hjkk.v8i2.3194
Suci, T. (2019). Teacher Strategies in Increasing Students' Interest in Learning in Elementary Schools. Al-Ishlah: Journal of Islamic Education, 17(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.35905/alishlah.v17i2.1045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35905/alishlah.v17i2.1045
Sukmana, AIWIY, & Suartama, IK (2019). Development of Mobile Learning Oriented to the Flipped Classroom Learning Model in Multimedia Courses. Journal of Educational Technology, 2(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v2i1.13808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v2i1.13808
Sukmanasa, E., Windiyani, T., & Novita, L. (2017). Development of Digital Comic Learning Media in Social Sciences Subjects for Class V Elementary School Students in Bogor City. JPsd (Primary School Education Journal), 3(2), 171–185. https://doi.org/10.30870/jpsd.v3i2.2138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30870/jpsd.v3i2.2138
Surya, AD, Sumarno, S., & Muhtarom, M. (2023). Analysis of the Quality of the Science and Science Learning Outcomes Test Instrument for Material Forms of Substances and Their Changes. Fondatia: Journal of Basic Education, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.36088/fondatia.v7i2.3190. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36088/fondatia.v7i2.3190
Suyanti, S., Sari, MK, & Rulviana, V. (2021). Powtoon Media to Increase Elementary School Students' Learning Motivation. Elementary School: Journal of Elementary Education and Learning, 8(2), 322–328. https://doi.org/10.31316/esjurnal.v8i2.1468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31316/esjurnal.v8i2.1468
Syafiq, AN, Rahmawati, A., Anwari, & Oktaviana, T. (2021). Increasing speaking skills through YouTube video as English learning material during online learning in the Covid-19 pandemic. ELSYA: Journal of English Language Studies, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v3i1.6206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v3i1.6206
Syahputra, E. (2022). 21st Century Learning Innovations and Their Application in Indonesia. Basicedu Journal, 6(2), 2099–2104. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i2.2082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i2.2082
Taufiq, M., Wijayanti, A., & Fajriah, E. (2020). The implementation of e-comic earth layer to enhance students' self-directed learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1567, 022070. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1567/2/022070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1567/2/022070
Udayani, NK Ar. TK, Wibawa, IMC, & Rati, NW (2021). Development Of E-Comic Learning Media On The Topic Of The Human Digestive System. Journal of Educational Technology, 5(3), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i3.34732. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i3.34732
Vicentini, C., Oliveira, L. C. de, & Gui, J. (2022). Integrating technology into genre-based writing instruction for multilingual learners. GATESOL Journal, 32(2). https://doi.org/10.52242/gatesol.167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52242/gatesol.167
Wahyudin, AY, Jepri, D., Simamora, MW, Pratiwi, IW, & Rina, A. (2020). The use of toondoo digital comics in middle school English learning. Journal of social and technology for community service, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.33365/jta.v1i1.673. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33365/jta.v1i1.673
Wisada, PD, Sudarma, IK, & Yuda S, AIWI (2019). Development of Character Education-Oriented Learning Video Media. Journal of Educational Technology, 3(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21735
Wulandari, E., & Nugroho, W. (2020). Students' Attitudes towards Distance Learning Videos on Statistics Material on YouTube Social Media. Edumatica: Journal of Mathematics Education, 10(2), 1–9.
Wulandari, NPD, & Wiarta, IW (2022). Interactive Learning Media on the Properties of Building Spaces Based on Guided Discovery of Cubes and Blocks Material. Undiksha Edutech Journal, 10(1), 21–32. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v10i1.46270.
Wulandari, Sudatha, & Simamora. (2020). Development of Blended Learning in the Ahara Yoga Semester II Course at IHDN Denpasar. Undiksha Edutech Journal, 8(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v8i1.26459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v8i1.26459
Zafar, M.W., Zaidi, S.A.H., Mansoor, S., Sinha, A., & Qin, Q. (2022). ICT and education as determinants of environmental quality: The role of financial development in selected Asian countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121547
Zaini, H., & Dewi, K. (2017). The Importance of Learning Media for Early Childhood. Raudhatul Athfal: Journal of Early Childhood Islamic Education, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.19109/ra.v1i1.1489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19109/ra.v1i1.1489
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 alfi riski, kurniana bektiningsih
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)
