Pemanfaatan Video Pembelajaran Matematika Berbasis Kontekstual Learning untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Bangun Ruang Siswa Kelas VI SD
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/iji.v2i3.50950Kata Kunci:
Video Pembelajaran, Kontekstual, ADDIEAbstrak
Keterbatasan pemahaman guru dalam membuat media pembelajaran serta sulitnya mengajarkan konsep matematika saat pembelajaran daring menyebabkan pemahaman siswa terhadap materi masih kurang dan berdampak pada hasil belajar siswa yang menjadi menurun. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menciptakan media berupa video pembelajaran matematika berbasis kontekstual learning pada mata pelajaran matematika kelas VI SD. Jenis dari penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan model ADDIE. Subjek yang terdapat pada penelitian ini yaitu para ahli yang terdiri dari 1 orang ahli isi pembelajaran, 1 orang ahli desain dan media pembelajaran, serta siswa kelas VI yang terdiri dari 3 orang uji coba perorangan, dan 9 orang uji coba kelompok kecil. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu observasi, angket, dan wawancara. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil review uji kelayakan produk dari para ahli dan siswa yaitu dari ahli isi pembelajaran memperoleh skor 91,66% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik, ahli desain pembelajaran memperoleh skor 93,75% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik, ahli media pembelajaran memperoleh skor 94,23% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik, uji coba perorangan memperoleh skor 94,44% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik, uji coba kelompok kecil memperoleh skor 93,97% dengan kualifikasi sangat baik. Jadi, video pembelajaran berbasis kontekstual learning pada mata pelajaran kelas VI SD layak diterapkan dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Implikasi dari penelitian ini yaitu video pembelajaran ini dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman belajar matematika siswa serta dapat dijadikan sebagai inovasi oleh guru dalam mengembangkan media pembelajaran.
Referensi
Agnesti, Y., & Amelia, R. (2021). Faktor-Faktor Kesulitan Belajar Siswa pada Materi Perbandingan dengan Menggunakan Pendekatan Kontekstual. Mosharafa: Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 10(2), 311–320. https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v10i2.868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31980/mosharafa.v10i2.868
Agung, A. A. G. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif (Perspektif Manajemen Pendidikan). Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha.
Alavudeen, S. S., Easwaran, V., Mir, J. I., Shahrani, S. M., Aseeri, A. A., Khan, N. A., Almodeer, A. M., & Asiri, A. A. (2021). The influence of COVID-19 related psychological and demographic variables on the effectiveness of e-learning among health care students in the southern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 29(7), 775–780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.05.009
Alexander, C., Wyatt-Smith, C., & Du Plessis, A. (2020). The role of motivations and perceptions on the retention of inservice teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 96, 103186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103186
Anderha, R. R., Maskar, S., & Indonesia, U. T. (2021). Pengaruh Kemampuan Numerasi Dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Mahasiswa Pendidikan Matematika. Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika Realistik, 2(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.33365/ji-mr.v2i1.774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33365/ji-mr.v2i1.774
Anggraeni, S. W., Yayan, A., Prihamdani, D., & Winarsih, E. (2021). Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Video untuk Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Siswa Sekolah da. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(3), 1683–1688. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i6.1636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i6.1636
Apriadi, H. (2021). Video Animasi Matematika Dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika. JNPM (Jurnal Nasional Pendidikan Matematika), 5(1), 173. https://doi.org/10.33603/jnpm.v5i1.3621. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33603/jnpm.v5i1.3621
Arifin, Z., Tegeh, I. M., & Yuda Sukmana, A. I. W. I. (2021). Independent Learning through Interactive Multimedia Based on Problem Based Learning. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.41292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.41292
Ariyani, N. K. A., & Ganing, N. N. (2021). Media Power Point Berbasis Pendekatan Kontekstual pada Materi Siklus Air Muatan IPA Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Imiah Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 5(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v5i2.33684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v5i2.33684
Baber, H. (2021). Modelling the acceptance of e-learning during the pandemic of COVID-19-A study of South Korea. The International Journal of Management Education, 19(2), 100503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100503
Bakhri, S., Sari, A. F., & Ernawati, A. (2019). Kualitas Pembelajaran Kontekstual Siswa IPS Materi Program Linier yang Memiliki Kecemasan Belajar Matematika. Kreano, Jurnal Matematika Kreatif-Inovatif, 10(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v10i2.19061. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15294/kreano.v10i2.19061
Buchori, A. (2019). Pengembangan multimedia interaktif dengan pendekatan kontekstual untuk meningkatkan pemecahan masalah kemampuan matematika. Jurnal Inovasi Teknologi Pendidikan, 6(1), 104–115. https://doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v6i1.20094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/jitp.v6i1.20094
Bujuri, D. A., & Baiti, M. (2018). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar IPA Integratif Berbasis Pendekatan Kontekstual. Terampil : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, 5(2), 184–197. https://doi.org/10.24042/terampil.v5i2.3173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/terampil.v5i2.3173
Burengge, S. S. (2020). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe STAD dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual bagi Siswa SDN 7 Tentena Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal Paedagogy, 7(4), 275. https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v7i4.2832. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v7i4.2832
Candra Dewi, N. M. L., & Negara, I. G. A. O. (2021). Pengembangan Media Video Animasi IPA pada Pokok Bahasan Sistem Pernapasan Kelas V. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(1), 122–130. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32501. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32501
Coles, A. (2019). Facilitating the use of video with teachers of mathematics: learning from staying with the detail. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0155-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0155-y
de Koning, B. B., Marcus, N., Brucker, B., & Ayres, P. (2019). Does observing hand actions in animations and static graphics differentially affect learning of hand-manipulative tasks? Computers & Education, 141, 103636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103636 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103636
Dewi, P. D. P., Agustika, G. N. S., & Suniasih, N. W. (2022). Media Video Pembelajaran Matematika Berbasis Etnomatematika pada Muatan Materi Pengenalan Bangun Datar Siswa Kelas I SD. Jurnal EDUTECH Undiksha, 10(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v10i1.44775. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v10i1.45350
Effendi, R., Herpratiwi, H., & Sutiarso, S. (2021). Pengembangan LKPD Matematika Berbasis Problem Based Learning di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(2), 920–929. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i2.846
Egok, A. S., & Hajani, T. J. (2018). Pengembangan Multimedia Interaktif pada Pembelajaran IPA bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar Kota Lubuklinggau. Journal of Elementary School (JOES), 1(2), 141–157. https://doi.org/10.31539/joes.v1i2.446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31539/joes.v1i2.446
Gallagher, C. (2019). The use of a multimedia case to prepare classroom teachers of emergent bilinguals. Teaching and Teacher Education, 84, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.04.011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.04.011
Gellerstedt, M., Babaheidari, S. M., & Svensson, L. (2018). A first step towards a model for teachers’ adoption of ICT pedagogy in schools. Heliyon, 4(9), e00786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00786
Haddock, L., Cannon, K., & Grey, E. (2020). A Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Online Counselor Training Program Delivery and Instruction. The Professional Counselor, 10(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.15241/lh.10.1.92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15241/lh.10.1.92
Heo, M., & Toomey, N. (2020). Learning with multimedia: The effects of gender, type of multimedia learning resources, and spatial ability. Computers & Education, 146, 103747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103747. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103747
Izzaturahma, E., Mahadewi, L. P. P., & Simamora, A. H. (2021). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Video Animasi Berbasis ADDIE pada Pembelajaran Tema 5 Cuaca untuk Siswa Kelas III Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(2), 216. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.38646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.38646
Johansson, L. G., Grønvad, J. F., & Budtz Pedersen, D. (2020). A matter of style: Research production and communication across humanities disciplines in Denmark in the early-twenty-first century. Poetics, 83, 101473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101473
Kühl, T. (2021). Prerequisite knowledge and time of testing in learning with animations and static pictures: Evidence for the expertise reversal effect. Learning and Instruction, 73, 101457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2021.101457
Kurnia Putri, D., Sulianto, J., & Azizah, M. (2019). Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Ditinjau dari Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah. International Journal of Elementary Education, 3(3), 351. https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v3i3.19497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/ijee.v3i3.19497
Lai, A.-F., Chen, C.-H., & Lee, G.-Y. (2019). An augmented reality-based learning approach to enhancing students’ science reading performances from the perspective of the cognitive load theory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(1), 232–247. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12716
Lauc, T., Jagodić, G. K., & Bistrović, J. (2020). Effects of Multimedia Instructional Message on Motivation and Academic Performance of Elementary School Students in Croatia. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 491–508. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13431a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13431a
Mohd Saiboon, I., Musni, N., Daud, N., Shamsuddin, N. S., Jaafar, M. J., Hamzah, F. A., & Abu Bakar, A. (2021). Effectiveness of Self-Directed Small-Group-Learning Against Self-Directed Individual-Learning Using Self-Instructional-Video in Performing Critical Emergency Procedures Among Medical Students in Malaysia: A Single-Blinded Randomized Controlled Study. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 56, 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.02.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2021.02.006
Moll-Khosrawi, P., Cronje, J. S., Zöllner, C., Kubitz, J. C., & Schulte-Uentrop, L. (2021). Understanding how the motivational dimension of learning is influenced by clinical teaching in medical education: A prospective cohort study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 65, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102366
Octavyanti, N. P. L., & Wulandari, I. G. A. A. (2021). Pengembangan Video Pembelajaran Berbasis Pendekatan Kontekstual Pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika Kelas IV SD. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(1), 66–74. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32223
Pramana, M. W. A., Jampel, I. N., & Pudjawan, K. (2020). Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Biologi Melalui E-Modul Berbasis Problem Based Learning. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 8(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v8i2.28921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v8i2.28921
Prayoga, T., Agustika, G. N. S., & Suniasih, N. W. (2021). E-LKPD Interaktif Materi Pengenalan Bangun Datar Berbasis Etnomatematika Peserta Didik Kelas I SD. Mimbar Ilmu, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v27i1.44777. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v27i1.44777
Primayana, K. H., Lasmawan, W. I., & Adnyana, P. B. (2019). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kontekstual Berbasis Lingkungan Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPA Ditinjau Dari Minat Outdoor Pada Siswa Kelas IV. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran IPA Indonesia, 9(2), 72–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jipp.v2i2.15606
Putri, N. W., & Dwijayanti, R. (2020). Pengembangan Alat Evaluasi Bantuan Aplikasi “Quizizz” Pada Mata Pelajaran Marketing Kelas X Jurusan BDP Di SMK Negeri 10 Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Tata Niaga, 8(3), 985–991.
Ran, W., & Jinglu, L. (2020). The Design and Development of Digital Books for E-learning. 2020 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality, 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1145/3439133.3439140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3439133.3439140
Rohman, M. G., & Susilo, P. H. (2019). Peran guru dalam penggunaan media pembelajaran berbasis teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) studi kasus di TK Muslimat NU Maslakul Huda. Jurnal Reforma, 8(1), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.30736/rfma.v8i1.140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30736/rfma.v8i1.140
Ružičić, V. (2021). Development of Methodology Successful Realization of the Teaching Process. Узданица, 18(1), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.46793/Uzdanica18.1.231R DOI: https://doi.org/10.46793/Uzdanica18.1.231R
Safitri, V., & Dafit, F. (2021). Peran Guru Dalam Pembelajaran Membaca Dan Menulis Melalui Gerakan Literasi Di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(3), 1356–1364. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i3.938. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i3.938
Sanchez, C. A., & Weber, K. (2019). Using relevant animations to counter stereotype threat when learning science. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 8(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.08.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.08.003
Saputra, I. M. M., & Manuaba, I. B. S. (2021). Media Video Animasi Berbasis Project dalam Muatan Materi Kenampakan Alam Mata Pelajaran IPS. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 5(1), 10–16.
Simamora, R. M. (2020). The Challenges of Online Learning during the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Essay Analysis of Performing Arts Education Students. Studies in Learning and Teaching, 1(2), 86–103. https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i2.38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46627/silet.v1i2.38
Sintiya, M. W., Astuti, E. P., & Purwoko, R. Y. (2021). Pengembangan E -modul Berbasis Etnomatematika Motif Batik Adi Purwo untuk Siswa SMP. 06(01), 1–15.
Styowati, E., & Utami, F. (2022). Pengembangan Video Pembelajaran Sains Berbasis Problem Based Learning. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 2472–2482. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1970
Sukarini, K., & Manuaba, I. B. S. (2021). Pengembangan Video Animasi Pembelajaran Daring Pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas VI Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i1.32347
Sutisna, U., & Elkarimah, M. F. (2021). Pendampingan pengembangan keterampilan guru Sekolah Dasar dalam soal evaluasi pembelajaran dengan Teka-teki Silang berbasis smartphone. ABSYARA: Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, 2(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.29408/ab.v2i1.3249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29408/ab.v2i1.3249
Syahyudin, D. (2019). Pengaruh gadget terhadap pola interaksi sosial dan komunikasi siswa. Gunahumas, 2(1), 272–282. https://doi.org/10.17509/ghm.v2i1.23048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17509/ghm.v2i1.23048
Tafonao, T. (2018). Peranan Media Pembelajaran Dalam Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Mahasiswa. Jurnal Komunikasi Pendidikan, 2(2), 103–114. https://doi.org/10.32585/jkp.v2i2.113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32585/jkp.v2i2.113
Tegeh, I. M., & Sudatha, I. G. W. (2019). Model-Model Desain Pembelajaran. Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha.
Wahyuningsih, E. (2019). Pembelajaran Matematika dengan Pendekatan Problem Based Learning dalam Implementasi Kurikulum 2013. Jurnal Pengembangan Pembelajaran Matematika, 1(2), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.14421/jppm.2019.012-02. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/jppm.2019.012-02
Weng, C., Otanga, S., Weng, A., & Cox, J. (2018). Effects of interactivity in E-textbooks on 7th graders science learning and cognitive load. Computers & Education, 120, 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.02.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.02.008
Weng, S.-S., & Chen, H.-C. (2020). Exploring the Role of Deep Learning Technology in the Sustainable Development of the Music Production Industry. Sustainability, 12(2), 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020625
Wero, L., Laksana, D. N., & Lawe, Y. U. (2021). Integrasi Konten dan Konteks Budaya Lokal Etnis Ngada dalam Bahan Ajar Multilingual untuk Pembelajaran Siswa Sekolah Dasar. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 9(3), 515. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v9i3.40867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v9i3.40867
Widiarti, N. K., Sudarma, I. K., & Tegeh, I. M. (2021). Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Kelas V SD Melalui Media Video Pembelajaran. 9(2), 195–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.38376
Widyaputri, P. N. S., & Agustika, G. N. S. (2021). Media Pembelajaran Matematika pada Pokok Bahasan Pecahan dengan Pendekatan Kontekstual. Journal for Lesson and Learning Studies, 4(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.23887/jlls.v4i1.32741. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jlls.v4i1.32741
Wisada, P. D., Sudarma, I. K., & Yuda S, A. I. W. I. (2019). Pengembangan Media Video Pembelajaran Berorientasi Pendidikan Karakter. Journal of Education Technology, 3(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21735. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v3i3.21735
Yip, J., Wong, S.-H., Yick, K.-L., Chan, K., & Wong, K.-H. (2019). Improving quality of teaching and learning in classes by using augmented reality video. Computers & Education, 128, 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.014
Yunus, N. A., Hulukati, E., & Djakaria, I. (2019). Pengaruh Pendekatan Kontekstual Terhadap Kemampuan Penalaran Matematis Ditinjau dari Gaya Kognitif Peserta Didik. Jambura Journal of Mathematics, 2(1), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v2i1.2591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34312/jjom.v2i1.2591
Zakiah, N. E., Sunaryo, Y., & Amam, A. (2019). Implementasi pendekatan kontekstual pada model pembelajaran berbasis masalah berdasarkan langkah-langkah polya. Teorema: Teori Dan Riset Matematika, 4(2), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.25157/teorema.v4i2.2706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25157/teorema.v4i2.2706
Zhang, J., Liao, G., & Li, N. (2020). Combining active learning and local patch alignment for data-driven facial animation with fine-grained local detail. Neurocomputing, 398, 431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2019.05.102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2019.05.102
Unduhan
Diterbitkan
Cara Mengutip
Terbitan
Bagian
Lisensi
Hak Cipta (c) 2021 Ni Putu Candra Oka Wahyuni, Gusti Ngurah Sastra Agustika
Artikel ini berlisensiCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Indonesian Journal of Instruction agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)