Analysis of Types of Technology Use as a Supporting Tool for Sociology Learning by High School Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v6i4.51619Keywords:
Smartphones, Sociology learning, 21st century, Learning mediaAbstract
Today's findings must refer to the four attributes of 21st-century learning: specific reasoning and critical thinking, imagination, progress, joint effort, and correspondence. 21st-century learning requires discoveries that are open and versatile to today's changing mechanical events. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the types of technology used by teachers to support the sociology learning process. In this study, the method used is the descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques used were surveys and interviews referring to questionnaires and interview guidelines as research instruments. The research subjects consisted of 145 high school students. The data obtained will then be analyzed interactively with 4 stages. The research results show that 95% of students are identified as having a smartphone. It is also supported by regulations at school that allow the use of smartphones for learning activities. It is just that this opportunity has challenges where students still tend to use smartphones to play games (48% of student respond). Seeing these opportunities and challenges, smartphones are a type of technology that can be optimized for sociology learning activities independently and in groups. Thus students can divert the use of smartphones as a means of playing, becoming a tool to support learning facilitated by the teacher.
References
Ally, M. (2019). Competency Profile of the Digital and Online Teacher in Future Education. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.4206.
Ambarita, E. (2021). Belajar Dari Rumah (Bdr) Menggunakan Padlet Alternatif E-Learning Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 (Studi Kasus Di Sman 56 Jakarta). JIRA: Jurnal Inovasi dan Riset Akademik, 2(1), 30–36. https://doi.org/10.47387/jira.v2i1.70.
Amin, A. K., Degeng, N. S., Setyosari, P., & Djatmika, E. T. (2021). The Effectiveness of Mobile Blended Problem Based Learning on Mathematical Problem Solving. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 15(1), 119–141. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJIM.V15I01.17437.
Amin, S., Utaya, S., Bachri, S., Sumarmi, & Susilo, S. (2020). Effect of problem-based learning on critical thinking skills and environmental attitude. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(2), 743–755. https://doi.org/10.17478/jegys.650344.
Anagün, Ş. S. (2018). Teachers’ perceptions about the relationship between 21st century skills and managing constructivist learning environments. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 825–840. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11452a.
Arsić, Z., & Milovanović, B. (2016). Importance of computer technology in realization of cultural and educational tasks of preschool institutions. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 4(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.5937/IJCRSEE1601009A.
Aryanti, F., Surtikanti, H., & Riandi, R. (2017). Penerapan Problem Based Learning (PBL) berbantuan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Pada Konsep Pencemaran Lingkungan. BIOSFER : Jurnal Biologi dan Pendidikan Biologi. https://doi.org/10.23969/biosfer.v2i1.370.
Aufa, M. N., Rusmansyah, R., Hasbie, M., Jaidie, A., & Yunita, A. (2021). The Effect of Using e-module Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Based on Wetland Environment on Critical Thinking Skills and Environmental Care Attitudes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 7(3), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v7i3.732.
Budiarto, M. K., Rejekiningsih, T., & Sudiyanto, S. (2021). Students’ opinions on the need for interactive multimedia development for entrepreneurship learning. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 10(4), 1290. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i4.21411.
Bukhori, B., Said, H., Wijaya, T., & Nor, F. M. (2019). The effect of smartphone addiction, achievement motivation, and textbook reading intensity on students’ academic achievement. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 13(9), 66–80. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v13i09.9566.
Bustanil S, M., Asrowi, & Adianto, D. T. (2019). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Video Tutorial Di Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. JTP - Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan, 21(2), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.21009/jtp.v21i2.11568.
Chairudin, M., & Dewi, R. M. (2021). Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Buku Saku Digital Berbasis Problem Based Learning pada Mata Pelajaran Ekonomi. Edukatif : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i3.491.
Chiappe-Laverde, A., & Paz-Balanta, G. A. (2021). M-learning: Connecting teaching and learning inside and outside of school. Magis, 14, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.11144/JAVERIANA.M14.MLCT.
Chisango, G., Marongwe, N., Mtsi, N., & Matyedi, T. E. (2020). Teachers’ Perceptions of Adopting Information and Communication Technologies in Teaching and Learning at Rural Secondary Schools in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Africa Education Review, 17(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/18146627.2018.1491317.
Djamas, D., Tinedi, V., & Yohandri. (2018). Development of interactive multimedia learning materials for improving critical thinking skills. International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Education, 14(4), 66–84. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJICTE.2018100105.
Drigas, A., Dede, D. E., & Dedes, S. (2020). Mobile and other applications for mental imagery to improve learning disabilities and mental health. In International Journal of Computer Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3987533.
Edwards-Groves, C., Grootenboer, P., & Wilkinson, J. (2018). Education in an Era of schooling: Critical perspectives of educational practice and action research. A festschrift for Stephen Kemmis. In Education in an Era of Schooling: Critical Perspectives of Educational Practice and Action Research. A Festschrift for Stephen Kemmis. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2053-8.
Elangovan, N., & Sundaravel, E. (2021). Method of preparing a document for survey instrument validation by experts. MethodsX, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2021.101326.
Filivani, P. N., & Agung, A. A. G. (2021). Developing E-Book Contained Character Values in PPKn Lesson Content Grade V Elementary School. Journal of Education Technology, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i1.32047.
Hadiyanti, N. F. D., Hobri, Prihandoko, A. C., Susanto, Murtikusuma, R. P., Khasanah, N., & Maharani, P. (2021). Development of mathematics e-module with STEM-collaborative project based learning to improve mathematical literacy ability of vocational high school students. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1839(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1839/1/012031.
Hanif, M., Asrowi, A., & Sunardi, S. (2018). Students’ Access to and Perception of Using Mobile Technologies in the Classroom: the Potential and Challenges of Implementing Mobile Learning. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 12(4), 644–650. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v12i4.8398.
Hanum, A., & Annas, A. (2019). Penggunaan Kurikulum Serta Penanaman Nilai dan Spiritual Siswa. Indonesian Journal of Learning Education and Counseling, 1(2), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.31960/ijolec.v1i2.84.
Hariyani, M., Kusumawardani, D., & Sukardjo, M. (2021). Effectiveness of use of Electronic Module in Sociology Subjects of Social Change for Equality Education Package C. Journal of Education Technology, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i3.37719.
Haryanti, A., Yusuf, M., & Agung, L. (2021). Students’ Perceptions About the Use of Android-Based Learning Media in Physical Education Learning. AL-ISHLAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, 13(2), 836–842. https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v13i2.633.
Hasyim, F., Prastowo, T., & Jatmiko, B. (2020). The Use of Android-Based PhET Simulation as an Effort to Improve Students’ Critical Thinking Skills during the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 14(19), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v14i19.15701.
Herwinarso, H., Untung, B., Wirjawan, J. V.D., & Pratidhina, E. (2020). Development of android app to assist high school students in learning physics quantities and measurement principles. TEM Journal, 9(1), 292–295. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM91-40.
Ilic, P. (2021). The Challenge of Information and Communications Technology in Education. SHS Web of Conferences, 102, 01009. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110201009.
Ismail, N. S., Harun, J., Zakaria, M. A. Z. M., & Salleh, S. M. (2018). The effect of Mobile problem-based learning application DicScience PBL on students’ critical thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 28, 177–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.04.002.
Kamil Budiarto, M., Rejekiningsih, T., & Sudiyanto. (2021). Implementation of Computer-assisted Learning in High School: Teachers and Students‟ Perspective. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering, 11(4), 26–34. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2021.04.03.
Karunaratne, T., Peiris, C., & Hansson, H. (2018). Implementing Small Scale ICT Projects in Developing Countries--How Challenging Is It?. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 14(1), 118–140.
Khatri, K. K. (2020). Research Paradigm: A Philosophy of Educational Research. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 5(5). https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.55.15.
Kondakci, Y., Beycioglu, K., Sincar, M., & Ugurlu, C. T. (2017). Readiness of teachers for change in schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 20(2), 176–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2015.1023361.
Kowang, T. O., Bakry, M. F., Hee, O. C., Fei, G. C., Yew, L. K., Saadon, M. S. I., & Long, C. S. (2020). Industry 4.0 competencies among lecturers of higher learning institution in Malaysia. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 9(2), 303. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i2.20520.
Kuswanto, J., Yunarti, Y., Lastri, N., Dapiokta, J., & Adesti, A. (2021). Development Learning Media Based Android for English Subjects. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1779(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012020.
Lavrenova, M., Lalak, N. V., & Molnar, T. I. (2020). Preparation of Future Teachers for Use of ICT in Primary School. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 12(1Sup1), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/12.1sup1/230.
Li, M., & Ren, Y. (2018). A Multimedia Teaching Model for “Sports Statistics” Based on ARCS Motivation Theory. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 13(09), 15. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v13i09.8972.
Liu, H., Shao, M., Liu, X., & Zhao, L. (2021). Exploring the Influential Factors on Readers’ Continuance Intentions of E-Book APPs: Personalization, Usefulness, Playfulness, and Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640110.
Mahdi, H. S. (2018). Effectiveness of Mobile Devices on Vocabulary Learning: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(1), 134–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117698826.
Mahdum, M., Hadriana, H., & Safriyanti, M. (2019). Exploring teacher perceptions and motivations to ICT use in learning activities in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 18, 293–317. https://doi.org/10.28945/4366.
Malik, R. S. (2018a). Educational Challenges in 21st Century and Sutainable Development. Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research, 2(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsder.v2i1.12266.
Malik, R. S. (2018b). Educational challenges in 21st century and sustainable development. Journal of Sustainable Development Education and Research, 2(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsder.v2i1.12266.
Mansor, A. N., Nasaruddin, M. Z. I. M., & Hamid, A. H. A. (2021). The effects of school climate on sixth form teachers’ self-efficacy in Malaysia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042011.
Muhali, M. (2019). Pembelajaran Inovatif Abad Ke-21. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan: e-Saintika, 3(2), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.36312/e-saintika.v3i2.126.
Muhibbin, A., Monica, G. T., Patmisari, P., & Muthali’in, A. (2021). Implementasi Media Audio Visual untuk Meningkatkan Critical Thinking Siswa Menggunakan Strategi Point Counterpoint. ASANKA: Journal of Social Science And Education, 2(2), 233–252. https://doi.org/10.21154/asanka.v2i2.3181.
Nafi’ah, U., Mashuri, & Wijaya, D. N. (2019). The development of digital book of European history to shape the students’ democratic values. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i06.9760.
Nasution, A., Siddik, M., & Manurung, N. (2021). Efektivitas Mobile Learning Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris Pada Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Journal of Science and Social Research, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.54314/jssr.v4i1.470.
Nikolopoulou, K., Gialamas, V., Lavidas, K., & Komis, V. (2021). Teachers’ Readiness to Adopt Mobile Learning in Classrooms: A Study in Greece. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 26(1), 53–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-020-09453-7.
Nithyanantham, V., Paulmony, R., & Ramadan H., S. (2019). Self-Perspective of 21st Century Educators: A Challenge in The Globalised Educational World. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 4(3), 325–333. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.573869.
Önür, Z., & Kozikoğlu. (2020). The Relationship between 21 st Century Learning Skills and Educational Technology Competencies of Secondary School Students. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 13(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.535491.
Opidianto, M., Untari, M. F. A., & Listyarini, I. (2021). Flipbook Kesehatan di Era Pandemi sebagai Literasi Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Edutech Undiksha, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.23887/jeu.v9i2.39143.
Parra, G. (2021). Educators’ ICT Literacy: A Prerequisite for the Future of Education Post-COVID-19. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.24203/ajeel.v9i2.6543.
Perdana, M. A., Wibowo, D. E., & Budiarto, M. K. (2021). Digitalization of learning media through digital book development using the flipbook application. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran, 54, 263–272. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpp.v54i2.
Prasetyo, H., Kristiyanto, A., & Doewes, M. (2019). The Development of Android-Based Mobile Learning Media in Healthy Lifestyle Teaching Materials for Senior High School Students. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i2.656.
Putri, D. P. E. (2019). Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Android untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa. Edugama: Jurnal Kependidikan dan Sosial Keagamaan, 5(2), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.32923/edugama.v5i2.972.
Putri, K., Muchtar, Z., & Darmana, A. (2021). Develop an Android-Based Learning Media Integrated with a Scientific Approach to the Colligative Solution’s Nature. Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal, 4(1), 322–329. https://doi.org/10.33258/birle.v4i1.1605.
Qodr, T. S., Efendi, A., & Musadad, A. A. (2021). Opportunities for Using Smartphones in the Digital Era to Facilitate Students in Learning Sociology in High Schools. Journal of Education Technology, 5(2), 263–271. https://doi.org/10.23887/jet.v5i2.34806.
Raji, B. (2019). Significance and challenges of computer assisted education programs in the UAE: A case study of higher learning and vocational education. Education and Information Technologies, 24(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9767-6.
Rashid, A. H. A., Shukor, N. A., Tasir, Z., & Na, K. S. (2021). Teachers’ perceptions and readiness toward the implementation of virtual learning environment. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 209–214. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i1.21014.
Ratheeswari, K. (2018). Information Communication Technology in Education. Journal of Applied and Advanced Research, 3(S1), 45. https://doi.org/10.21839/jaar.2018.v3iS1.169.
Riyanto, R., Amin, M., Suwono, H., & Lestari, U. (2020). The New Face of Digital Books in Genetic Learning: A Preliminary Development Study for Students’ Critical Thinking. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(10), 175. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i10.14321.
Sa’pang, A. W., & Purbojo, R. (2020). Teacher`s self-efficacy, understanding of students` characters, and understanding of the 21st century skills as predictors of facilitator type of teaching style. Jurnal Psikologi Ulayat: Indonesian Journal of Indigenous Psychology, 7(2), 192–211. https://doi.org/10.24854/JPU108.
Sá, M. J., Santos, A. I., Serpa, S., & Ferreira, C. M. (2021). Digital Literacy in Digital Society 5.0: Some Challenges. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0033.
Sari, A. I., Suryani, N., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Suharno, S. (2020). Digital Learning, Smartphone Usage, and Digital Culture in Indonesia Education. Integration of Education, 24(1), 20–31. https://doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.098.024.202001.020-031.
Setiawan, A., Widjaja, S. U. M., Kusumajanto, D. D., & Wahyono, H. (2020). The effect of curriculum 2013 on economics learning achievement: Motivation as mediating variable. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(2), 444–459. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i2.30279.
Shatri, Z. G. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of using information technology in learning process of students. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 17(3), 420–428. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2020.36.
Shoraevna, Z. Z., Eleupanovna, Z. A., Tashkenbaevna, S. N., Zulkarnayeva, Z., Anatolevna, L. L., & Nurlanbekovna, U. A. (2021). Teachers’ Views on the Use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in Education Environments. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(3), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i03.18801.
Şimşek, M., & Yazıcı, N. (2021). Examining the digital learning material preparation competencies of preservice mathematics teachers. Participatory Educational Research, 8(3), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.68.8.3.
Sousa, M. J., & Rocha, Á. (2019). Digital learning: Developing skills for digital transformation of organizations. Future Generation Computer Systems, 91, 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.08.048.
Sudrajat, A. K., Susilo, H., & Indriwati, S. E. (2018). Application of Learning Based on Problem through Lesson Study in Learning Biology in 21st Century Course for Developing Biology Students Critical Thinking Skills and Collaboration Ability. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Learning Innovation, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008409101450152.
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode penelitian kuatintatif , kualitatif dan R & D. In Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sumarmi, S., Bachri, S., Irawan, L. Y., Aliman, M., & Ahmad, W. I. W. (2021). Project-Based Research Learning (PBRL) Integrated With E-Learning in Projects Completion. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(7), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i07.21193.
Suminar, D. (2019). Penerapan Teknologi Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Pada Mata Pelajaran Sosiologi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan FKIP, 2(1), 774–783.
Sun, L., Ruokamo, H., Siklander, P., Li, B., & Devlin, K. (2021). Primary school students’ perceptions of scaffolding in digital game-based learning in mathematics. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2020.100457.
Suryanda, A., Sartono, N., & Sa’diyah, H. (2019). Developing smartphone-based laboratory manual as a learning media. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 402. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/7/077077.
Syahputra, F., & Maksum, H. (2020). The Development of Interactive Multimedia Learning in Information and Communication Technology Subjects. Journal of Education Research and Evaluation, 4(4), 428–434. https://doi.org/10.23887/jere.v4i4.29931.
Syahril, Nabawi, R. A., & Prasetya, F. (2020). The instructional media development of mechanical drawing course based on project-based learning. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 4, 309–325.
Sze Yean, L. (2019). Promoting Active Learning And Independent Learning Among Primary School Students Using Flipped Classroom. In International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling (Vol 4, Number 30). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4987-3.
Trevallion, D., & Nischang, L. C. (2021). The Creativity Revolution and 21 st Century Learning. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change, 15(8), 1–25.
Tyan, P. H., Rahman, F. A., & Sarvestani, M. S. (2020). Teachers’ readiness in implementing and facilitating 21st century learning. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(1 A), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.081304.
Udu, D. A., Igboanugo, B. I., Nmadu, J., Uwaleke, C. C., Okechineke, B. C., Anudu, A. P., Attamah, P. C., Ekeh, D. O., & Ani, M. I. (2021). The impact of professional development, modern technologies on lecturers’ self-efficacy: Implication for sustainable science education in developing nations. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(2), 61–80. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.2.4.
Wati, N. R. (2019). Developing Macromedia Flash Teaching Material in the Topic of Negotiating Text for Muhammdiyah Vocational School in Magelang. Journal of Vocational Education Studies, 2(1), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.12928/joves.v2i1.832.
Wibawa, R. P., Astuti, R. I., & Pangestu, B. A. (2019). Smartphone-Based Application “quizizz” as a Learning Media. Dinamika Pendidikan, 14(2), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.15294/dp.v14i2.23359.
Widarti, H. R., Rokhim, D. A., & Syafruddin, A. B. (2020). The Development Of Electrolysis Cell Teaching Material Based On Stem-Pjbl Approach Assisted By Learning Video: A Need Analysis. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 9(3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v9i3.25199.
Widoyoko, E. P. (2018). Teknik Penyusunan Instrumen Penelitian Pendidikan Kimia. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Yip, J., Wong, S.-H., Yick, K.-L., Chan, K., & Wong, K.-H. (2019). Improving quality of teaching and learning in classes by using augmented reality video. Computers & Education, 128, 88–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.014.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Fathan Syuhada Kurniawan Syuhada Kurniawan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Journal of Education Technology agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)
