Think Pair Share (TPS) Learning Methods to Improve Student Learning Activities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v6i2.59134Keywords:
Learning Activities, Learning Method, Think Pair ShareAbstract
Active learning plays a vital role in learning because it can affect student learning outcomes. However, teachers still use conventional learning methods or teacher-centered learning. This study aimed to analyze the increase in student activity, student response, and student learning outcomes using the Think Pair Share (TPS) learning method. This type of research is a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was 35 students. Data collection methods used observation, tests, and questionnaires with instruments including student activity observation sheets, pre-test, and post-test questions, and student response questionnaire sheets. Data were analyzed using a quantitative descriptive method. Based on the research results, the results of student learning activities showed a percentage of 78% at meeting 1 increased to 84.64% at meeting 2. The TPS learning method received very good responses from students. A percentage of 81.56% indicated this. Student learning outcomes in the pre-test by 31% increased to 100% in the post-test results. Applying the TPS learning method could increase student activity, response, and learning outcomes in vocational fashion subjects.
References
Amponsah, S., Kwesi, A. B., & Ernest, A. (2019). Lin’s creative pedagogy framework as a strategy for fostering creative learning in Ghanaian schools. Thinking skills and creativity, 31, 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.09.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2018.09.002
Astutik, F. I. (2023). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) terhadap Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII di MTs Bustanul Ulum Tagangser Laok Pada Pokok Bahasan Bunyi. ISLAMENTARY; Journal of Islamic Elementary Education, 1(1), 38–47. https://doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202051150.
Benjelloun, M. (2021). The Role Of ‘Think-Pair-Share’ In Enhancing the Moroccan University Students’ Speaking Skills in Online Classes. International Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 1(1), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.33422/ijsfle.v1i1.60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33422/ijsfle.v1i1.60
Cahyono, A., Murtono, & Suad. (2022). Pengaruh Model Think Pair Share dan Mind Mapping Terhadap Keterampilan Menulis Eksposisi Ditinjau dari Kemandirian Belajar Siswa. KREDO: Jurnal Ilmiah Bahasa dan Sastra, 6(1), 102–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24176/kredo.v6i1.8398
Cooper, K. M., Schinske, J. N., & Tanner, K. D. (2021). Reconsidering the Share of a Think–Pair–Share: Emerging Limitations, Alternatives, and Opportunities for Research. CBE—Life Sciences Education, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-08-0200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-08-0200
Dewi, N. K. T. Y., Sugiarta, I. M., & Parwati, N. N. (2021). Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) Berbantuan Alat Peraga untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematika Siswa. Journal of Education Action Research, 5(1), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i1.31789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i1.31789
Diantoro, F., Purwati, E., & Lisdiawati, E. (2021). Upaya Pencapaian Tujuan Pendidikan Islam Dalam Pendidikan Nasional Dimasa Pandemi Covid-19. MA’ALIM: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(01), 22–23. https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v2i01.3035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/maalim.v2i01.3035
Fadilah, S. (2022). Upaya Peningkatan Hasil dan Aktivitas Peserta Didik melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share pada Materi Limit Fungsi. Journal of Education Action Research, 6(1), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v6i1.44293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v6i1.44293
Febnasari, S. D., Arifin, Z., & Setianingsih, E. S. (2019). Efektifitas Penggunaan Metode Pembelajaran Diskusi Kelas dengan Strategi “TPS” untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 3(3), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v3i3.19456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v3i3.19456
Ginanjar, W. S., Utari, S., & Muslim, D. (2015). Penerapan Model Argument-Driven Inquiry Dalam Pembelajaran Ipa Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Argumentasi Ilmiah Siswa Smp. Jurnal Pengajaran Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, 20(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.18269/jpmipa.v20i1.559. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18269/jpmipa.v20i1.559
Guntara, R. (2020). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think-Pair-Share (TPS) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa. Jurnal Inovasi Penelitian, 1(8), 1725–1734. https://doi.org/10.47492/jip.v1i8.335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35580/btl.v1i1.7531
Hasanah, N., Batubatara, S. A., & Awanis, D. (2023). Metode Pembelajaran Kooperatif Menggunakan Media Think Pair Share Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas V SD. Jurnal Riset Rumpun Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (JURRIMIPA), 2(1), 202–212. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrimipa.v2i1.779.
Hasbi, M., Tolle, H., & Supianto, A. A. (2020). The Development of Augmented Reality Educational Media Using Think-Pair-Share Learning Model For Studying Buginese Language. Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science, 5(1), 38–56. https://doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202051150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25126/jitecs.202051150
Hastuti, N. D., Baedowi, S., & Prasetya, S. A. (2020). Keefektifan Model Pembelajaran Think Pair and Share (TPS) Terhadap Nilai Belajar IPS. Jurnal Pedagogi dan Pembelajaran, 3(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v3i1.24401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v3i1.24401
Hidajat, G. H., Hanurawan, F., Chusniyah, T., & Rahmawati, H. (2020). Why I’m Bored in Learning? Exploration of Students’ Academic Motivation. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 119–136. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.1339a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.1339a
Hidayat, R., & Abdillah. (2019). Ilmu Pendidikan “Konsep, Teori dan Aplikasinya”.
Hikmawati, N. (2019). Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar IPA Materi Cahaya Melalui Metode Kooperatif Model TPS. Jurnal Ilmiah Pro Guru, 5(3), 346–353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/jpi.v5i1.33812
Idayani, N. P. (2021). Pembelajaran Kooperatif Model TPS (Think Pair Share) Meningkatkan Aktivitas dan Hasil Belajar IPA. Journal of Education Action Research, 5(3), 416–422. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i3.37432. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i2.33312
Indriyani, T. S., & Kelana, J. B. (2021). Pembelajaran Pemahaman Membaca Puisi pada Siswa Kelas IV SD Melalui Model Kooperatif Tife Think Pair Share (TPS). COLLASE (Creative of Learning Students Elementary Education), 4(4), 624–630. https://doi.org/10.22460/collase.v4i4.5550.
Irianto, D. M., Nadiroh, & Nuryadin, S. (2015). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Dan Hasil Belajar Ipa Terhadap Kemampuan Memecahkan Masalah Lingkungan Hidup. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Lingkungan dan Pembangunan, 16(02), 122–142. https://doi.org/10.21009/plpb.162.05. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21009/PLPB.162.05
Ismail, F. A., Bungsu, J., & Shahrill, M. (2022). Improving Students’ Participation and Performance in Building Quantities through Think-Pair-Share Cooperative Learning. Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Technology, 3(3), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijert.v3i3.50348
Jayanti, E. D., Aryana, I., & Gunamantha, I. M. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Sains Teknologi Masyarakat terhadap Hasil Belajar Ipa Ditinjau dari Literasi Digital Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar Gugus VI Kecamatan Mengwi. PENDASI: Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar Indonesia, 1(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpdi.v1i2.2681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jpdi.v1i2.2681
Kamil, V. R., Arief, D., Miaz, Y., & Rifma, R. (2021). Pengaruh Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share terhadap Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Belajar Siswa Kelas VI. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(6), 6025–6033. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i6.1744. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i6.1744
Kurjum, M., Muhid, A., & Thohir, M. (2020). Think-Pair-Share Model As Solution To Develop Students’ Critical Thinking In Islamic Studies: Is It Effective? Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(1), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i1.28762
Kurniawan, A., Herman, Yuliana, D., Mardiyanti, L., Makruf, S. A., Mertayasa, I. K., Rais, R., Elihami, Pusvita, W. D., Jati, M. L., & Hajar, A. (2022). Metode Pembelajaran Inovatif (L. Mardiyanti & T. P. Wahyuni (reds)). Global Eksekutif Teknologi.
Lasari, V. N., Zuhri, A. F., & Widiyanto, R. (2021). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share Untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas IV. Elementar : Jurnal Pendidikan Dasar, 1(1), 105–123. https://doi.org/10.15408/elementar.v1i1.20374. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/elementar.v1i1.20374
Lestari, A., Latuconsina, N. K., & Asnita, A. U. (2019). Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) terhadap Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Siswa Kelas VII SMP. Al asma : Journal of Islamic Education, 1(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.24252/asma.v1i2.11257. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24252/asma.v1i2.11257
Luthfi, R., & Nurmatin, S. (2023). Landasan Belajar dan Mengajar. CV. Pustaka Turats Press.
Masana, K. (2022). Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas V SD. Journal of Education Action Research, 6(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v6i2.45814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v6i2.45814
Meilana, S. F., Aulia, N., Zulherman, Z., & Aji, G. B. (2020). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(1), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i1.644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i1.644
Mudawamah, A., & Idawati, K. (2022). Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Think Pair Share Pada Materi Akidah Akhlak untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kognitif Siswa. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 3(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v3i1.376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46799/jsa.v3i1.376
Mulyono, M., Sunhaji, S., & Wahab, W. (2021). Implementasi Straregi Pembelajaran Kooperatif Think Pair Share (TPS) Pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jurnal Kependidikan, 9(2), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.24090/jk.v9i2.6877.
Mustajib. (2020). Manajemen Kelas: Upaya Mencapai Tujuan Hasil Belajar. Salimiya: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Keagamaan Islam, 1(2), 113–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29062/dirasah.v2i1.51
Nadeem, M. A., & Nadeem, T. (2019). Evaluating Effects of Think Pair Share Technique on the Descriptive Writing Skill of Secondary School Learners. Journal of Educational Research, 22(2), 184–200.
Ningsih, Y., Andika, R., Sari, I. K., Ahmad, S., & Kenedi, A. K. (2019). The application think pair share in learning mathematic. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1321(2), 22092. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/2/022092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1321/2/022092
Noervadila, I. (2022). Hubungan Metode Pembelajaran Dengan Minat Belajar Siswa di MTs Sarji Ar Rasyid Tahun Pelajaran 2021/2022. Consilium: Education and Counseling Journal, 2(1), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.36841/consilium.v2i1.1631. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36841/consilium.v2i1.1631
Nurmayani, L., Doyan, A., & Sedijani, P. (2018). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing Terhadap Hasil Belajar Fisika Peserta Didik. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v4i2.113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v4i2.113
Octavia, S. (2020). Model-Model Pembelajaran. CV Budi Utama.
Permana, I. P. ayu A., Dibia, D. I. K., & Dharsana, I. K. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Pbl Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPA Melalui Lesson Study Sd Kelas V. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 5(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v5i3.12063.
Phan, H., & Lan, D. T. M. (2021). Using Think-Pair-Share Strategy to Support Students in Speaking Lessons. Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, 3(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.4.1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32996/jeltal.2021.3.4.1
Pohan, H. M., & Hasibuan, A. I. (2019). Peningkatan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Think Pair Share di Kelas X SMA Negeri 4 Padangsidimpuan. Jurnal Biolokus, 2(2), 228–233. https://doi.org/10.30821/biolokus.v2i2.541. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/biolokus.v2i2.541
Putri, N. M. D. D., Suryanto, I. W., & Diarini, I. G. A. A. S. (2020). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share Untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Dan Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Mata Pelajaran Boga Dasar Kelas X TB 1 SMK Pariwisata Dwi Tunggal Tabanan. Media Edukasi: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(2), 61–66.
Qodriani, R. N. L., Asrori, & Rusman. (2022). Implementasi Metode Pembelajaran Kuis Interaktif Berbasis Mentimeter pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam Al-Thariqah, 7(2), 326–339. https://doi.org/10.25299/al-thariqah.2022.vol7(2).9689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/al-thariqah.2022.vol7(2).9689
Radjabani, N. L., Ratman, R., & Ningsih, P. (2021). Comparison of High School Student’s Learning Outcomes Using Cooperative Learning Model Between Think-Pair-Share (TPS) and Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Types on Reaction Equation. Jurnal Akademika Kimia, 10(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2021.v10.i1.pp20-25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2021.v10.i1.pp20-25
Rahayu, S., & Suningsih, A. (2019). The Effects of Type Learning Model Numbered Head Together And Think Pair Share. International Journal of Trends in Mathematics Education Research, 1(1), 19–21. https://doi.org/10.33122/ijtmer.v1i1.27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33122/ijtmer.v1i1.27
Restyani, N. K. N. (2018). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Discovery Inquiry Berbasis Portofolio Terhadap Kompetensi Pengetahuan IPA. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pendidikan, 2(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.23887/jppp.v2i2.15399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jppp.v2i2.15399
Riduwan. (2013). Dasar-dasar Statistika. Alfabeta.
Rivai, S., & Mohamad, F. D. (2021). Pengaruh Penggunaan Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share Pada Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Pada Materi Penyajian Data Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 7(2), 695–712. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.2.685-712.2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.2.685-712.2021
Rumondor, M. M., Himpong, M., & Randang, J. (2019). Komunikasi Guru Dalam Membangun Kepercayaan Diri Siswa Menghadapi Ujian Nasional di SMP Negeri 8 Manado. Acta Diurna Komunikasi, 8(1), 1–17.
Saraswati, D. L., Sari, T. A., Kameswari, D., Solihatun, S., Sirait, E. D., Apriyani, D. D., Alfi, Z. R., Nazelliana, D., Ardy, V., & Rahmawati, N. D. (2021). The influence of Think-Pair-Share (TPS) cooperative learning methods on the results of studying physics assessed from student attention. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1816(1), 12075. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1816/1/012075
Sari, W., & Sari, N. (2023). Strategi Guru dalam Menumbuhkan Iklim Kelas yang Kondusif. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 7(1), 1040–1045.
Sharma, H. L., & Saarsar, P. (2019). TPS (think-pair–share): An effective cooperative learning strategy for unleashing discussion in classroom interaction. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 8(5), 91–100.
Sharp, J. G., Sharp, J. C., & Young, E. (2020). Academic boredom, engagement and the achievement of undergraduate students at university: A review and synthesis of relevant literature. Research Papers in Education, 35(2), 144–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2018.1536891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2018.1536891
Shofiyah, N., & Wulandari, F. E. (2018). Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Dalam Melatih Scientific Reasoning Siswa. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 3(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.26740/jppipa.v3n1.p33-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26740/jppipa.v3n1.p33-38
Suaidah, E., & Pasaribu, L. H. (2022). Peningkatan Kemampuan Komunikasi Siswa Melalui Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS). AXIOM : Jurnal Pendidikan dan Matematika, 11(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.30821/axiom.v11i2.11331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/axiom.v11i2.11331
Sudarsana, D. (2019). Pengaruh Antara Stres Akademik Dengan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas Ix Smpn 2 Kemalang ( the Influence Beetween Academic Stress and Learning. Jurnal Riset Mahasiswa Bimbingan dan Konseling, 5(2), 204–207.
Sumarsya, C. V., & Ahmad, S. (2020). Think Pair Share sebagai Model untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Peserta Didik dalam Pembelajaran. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 4(2), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31004/jptam.v4i2.603.
Suryaningsih, N. K. E., Putra, D. K. N. S., & Negara, I. G. A. O. (2017). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) Terhadap Penguasaan Kompetensi Pengetahuan Ipa Siswa Kelas Iv Sd Gugus Untung Surapati Denpasar Tahun Ajaran 2016/2017. MIMBAR PGSD Undiksha, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpgsd.v5i2.10784.
Suswanto. (2020). Kemampuan Kemampuan Mengelola Programbelajar Mengajar (Suatu Konsep Teoritis Dalam Pembentukan Guru Profesional). Murabbi : Jurnal Ilmiah dalam Bidang Pendidikan, 3(1), 69–88.
Sutopo, Setiadi, B. R., Nurtanto, M., Purnomo, S., Handoyono, N. A., & Johan, A. B. (2020). Enhancing of student involvement and collaboration through think-pair-share model on energy conversion learning. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(4), 199–205. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n4p199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n4p199
Suwela, I. K. (2021). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair and Share untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Matematika Siswa Kelas IV Sekolah Dasar. Journal of Education Action Research, 5(1), 95–101. https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i1.32653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23887/jear.v5i1.32653
Tela, Yulian, V. N., & Budianingsih, Y. (2019). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share (TPS) Terhadap Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematis Siswa. Biormatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(01), 114–123. https://doi.org/10.35569/biormatika.v5i01.464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35569/biormatika.v5i01.464
Thalita, A. R., Fitriyani, A. D., & Nuryani, P. (2019). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran TGT untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Belajar Siswa Kelas IV. Jurnal Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 4(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17509/jpgsd.v4i2.20543.
Wuryandani, W., & Herwin. (2021). The effect of the think–pair–share model on learning outcomes of civics in elementary school students. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 16(2), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.18844/CJES.V16I2.5640. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i2.5640
Zulfantry, Z., Mulyono, M., & Sinaga, B. (2021). Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatife Tipe Think-pair-share Berbantuan Media Software Autograph Terhadap Kemampuan Self-efficacy Siswa Di SMA Negeri Unggul Subulussalam. Paradikma, 14(2), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.24114/paradikma.v14i2.28770. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24114/paradikma.v14i2.31642
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Suharno, Endang Suprihatin Endang, Siswandari -, Jumintono -
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Jurnal Pedagogi dan Pembelajaran agree to the following terms:- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)
