Effectiveness of E-Learning-Based Learning in the Era of Digital Transformation: A Meta-Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.23887/ijerr.v7i2.76166Keywords:
Effectiveness, e-learning, digital transformation, meta-analysis, 21st centuryAbstract
Amid digital transformation in the 21st century, the use of digital technology, such as e-learning, in the learning process has become urgent to develop vocational school students' knowledge and skills. However, some studies show that online learning is ineffective in improving vocational school students' knowledge and skills. Online learning cannot improve students' vocational skills because the online learning process cannot conduct actual practicum. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of online learning to improve vocational students' knowledge and skills. The research method used was random effect model meta-analysis with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) article analysis technique. A total of 25 articles from the Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley databases were obtained and analyzed in this study. The articles analyzed were free from publication bias, as indicated by the funnel plot, Egger's, and Fail-safe N test results. Based on the meta-analysis results, it is known that the effect size value obtained is 0.703 (medium category). Thus, implementing online learning in vocational schools has a moderate impact on improving vocational students' knowledge and skills. The findings of this study indicate that the implementation of online learning in vocational schools can support the effectiveness of learning in vocational schools and encourage students to develop the knowledge and skills they will master. This research is expected to be the basis for teachers and vocational schools to integrate online learning into the learning process.
References
Agussuryani, Q., Sudarmin, S., Sumarni, W., Cahyono, E., & Ellianawati, E. (2022). STEM literacy in growing vocational school student HOTS in science learning: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i1.21647.
Aldalalah, O. M. A., Alhalaq, A. S. A., & Eyadat, Y. A. (2023). The Effectiveness of E-Collaborative Learning in Developing Digital Thinking Skills among Teachers in the Light of Connectivism Theory. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 13(12), 1977–1988. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.12.2012.
Almaazmi, J., Alshurideh, M., Al Kurdi, B., & Salloum, S. A. (2021). The Effect of Digital Transformation on Product Innovation: A Critical Review. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing: Vol. 1261 AISC (pp. 731–741). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58669-0_65.
Alwadei, A. H., Tekian, A. S., Brown, B. P., Alwadei, F. H., Park, Y. S., Alwadei, S. H., & Harris, I. B. (2020). Effectiveness of an adaptive eLearning intervention on dental students’ learning in comparison to traditional instruction. Journal of Dental Education, 84(11), 1294–1302. https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12312.
Ananda, A. F., & Mukhadis, A. (2016). Production unit as edupreneurship, cooperation business and industrial world with the school for the development of vocational student entrepreneurship mindset. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1778(December). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965782.
Arlinwibowo, J., Retnawati, H., & Kartowagiran, B. (2022). The impact of ICT utilization to improve the learning outcome: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 11(2), 522. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i2.22112.
Aswardi, A., Putra Yanto, D. T., Dewi, C., Zaswita, H., Kabatiah, M., & Kurani, R. (2023). Human Machine Interface-Based Control Training Kit as Innovative Learning Media to Enhance Students’ Automation Control Skills in the Industry 4.0 Era. TEM Journal, 12(4), 2157–2165. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM124-26.
Baharudin, S. M., Yi, T. H., Khalid, N. F., & Al-dheleai, Y. M. (2022). The Effectiveness of Schoology on Student’s Creative Thinking Skills in Visual Art Subject. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(3), 4988– 4999. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/2707.
Bobrytska, V. I., Reva, T. D., Protska, S. M., & Chkhalo, O. M. (2020). Effectiveness and Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Integration of Automated E-Learning Courses into Vocational Education Programmes in Universities in Ukraine. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(5), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.5.3.
Bossman, A., & Agyei, S. K. (2022). Technology and instructor dimensions, e-learning satisfaction, and academic performance of distance students in Ghana. Heliyon, 8(4), e09200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09200.
Burns, C. L., Taubert, S. T., Ward, E. C., McCarthy, K. A., & Graham, N. (2021). Speech–language therapists’ perceptions of an eLearning program to support training in videofluoroscopic swallow studies. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 56(2), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12594
Cabi, E. (2018). The Impact of the Flipped Classroom Model on Students’ Academic Achievement. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(3), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i3.3482.
Cattaneo, A. A. P., Antonietti, C., & Rauseo, M. (2022). How digitalised are vocational teachers? Assessing digital competence in vocational education and looking at its underlying factors. Computers & Education, 176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPEDU.2021.104358.
Diana, Surjono, H. D., & Mahmudi, A. (2023). The Effect of Flipped Classroom Learning Model on Students’ Understanding of Mathematical Concepts and Higher-Order Thinking Skills. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 13(12), 2014–2022. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.12.2016.
El Iq Bali, M. M., Zamroni, Umar, Musthofa, B., Sulistiani, I. R., Dewi, M. S., Baharun, H., & Abdullah, D. (2021). The Effect of Quipper School Assisted Blended Learning (QSBL) on Student Motivation and Interest in Learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899(1), 012154. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012154.
Elas, N. I. B., Majid, F. B. A., & Narasuman, S. Al. (2019). Development of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) for English teachers: The validity and reliability. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(20), 18–33. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v14i20.11456.
Eslami, M., & Bahrami, A. (2022). The Impact of Edmodo as an Asynchronous Online Discussion Forum on English Reading Comprehension Skills of Iranian Learners. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 14(30), 75–90. https://doi.org/10.22034/ELT.2022.52013.2494.
Fahmi, S., Priwantoro, S. W., Cahdriyana, R. A., Hendroanto, A., Rohmah, S. N., & Nisa, L. C. (2019). Interactive Learning Media Using Kvisoft Flipbook Maker for Mathematics Learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1188(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1188/1/012075.
Fatimah, A. S., & Santiana, S. (2017). Teaching in 21St Century: Students-Teachers’ Perceptions of Technology Use in the Classroom. Script Journal: Journal of Linguistic and English Teaching, 2(2), 125. https://doi.org/10.24903/sj.v2i2.132.
Ferdian, F., & Suyuthie, H. (2022). The effect of online learning quality on vocational students’ learning achievement during the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 12(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpv.v12i2.47570.
Fokides, E., & Antonopoulos, P. (2024). Development and testing of a model for explaining learning and learning-related factors in immersive virtual reality. Computers & Education: X Reality, 4(September 2023), 100048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cexr.2023.100048.
Goulet-Pelletier, J.-C., & Cousineau, D. (2020). A review of effect sizes and their confidence intervals, Part I: The Cohen’s d family. The Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 16(4), 422–423. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.16.4.p422.
Hakim, A., Nurhikmah, Halisa, N., Febriati, F., Aras, L., & Lutfi. (2023). The Effect of Online Learning on Student Learning Outcomes in Indonesian Subjects. Journal of Innovation in Educational and Cultural Research, 4(1), 133–140. https://doi.org/10.46843/jiecr.v4i1.312.
Ifanov, Jessica, P., Salim, S., Syahputra, M. E., & Suri, P. A. (2023). A Systematic literature review on implementation of virtual reality for learning. Procedia Computer Science, 216(2022), 260–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.135.
Karuović, D., Tasić, I., Hains, V. V., Glušac, D., Namestovski, Z., Szabo, C., Kocaleva, M., & Milanov, D. (2021). Students’ habits and competencies for creating virtual learning environments. Computer Applications in Engineering Education, 29(4), 864–882. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.22312.
Labata-Lezaun, N., González-Rueda, V., Llurda-Almuzara, L., López-de-Celis, C., Rodríguez-Sanz, J., Bosch, J., Vicente-Rodríguez, G., Gorczakowska, D., Araluze-Arizti, P., & Pérez-Bellmunt, A. (2023). Effectiveness of multicomponent training on physical performance in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 104(August 2022), 104838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2022.104838.
Laseinde, O. T., & Dada, D. (2023). Enhancing teaching and learning in STEM Labs: The development of an android-based virtual reality platform. Materials Today: Proceedings, January, 0–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.09.020.
Liu, G., & Xu, Y. (2021). Application of Mobile APP in Moral Education Course Teaching Based on Intelligent Internet of Things. Mobile Information Systems, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/1577096.
Lo, C. K., & Hew, K. F. (2019). The impact of flipped classrooms on student achievement in engineering education: A meta‐analysis of 10 years of research. Journal of Engineering Education, 108(4), 523–546. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20293.
Ma’azi, H., & Janfeshan, K. (2018). The effect of Edmodo social learning network on Iranian EFL learners writing skill. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1536312.
Mahoney, B. B., Oostdam, R. R., Nieuwelink, H. H., & Schuitema, J. J. (2023). Learning to think critically through Socratic dialogue: Evaluating a series of lessons designed for secondary vocational education. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101422.
Mispandi, M., Muh. Fahrurrozi, & Siti Mawaddah. (2023). The Effect Of Using The Flipped Classroom Learning Model Using Video Interactive Media On Learning Outcomes. IJE : Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1(1), 24–37. https://doi.org/10.61277/ije.v1i1.4.
Mohammadi, J., Barati, H., & Youhanaee, M. (2019). The Effectiveness of Using Flipped Classroom Model on Iranian EFL Learners’ English Achievements and Their Willingness to Communicate. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 101. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n5p101.
Mukul, E., & Büyüközkan, G. (2023). Digital transformation in education: A systematic review of education 4.0. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 194(August 2022), 122664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2023.122664.
Nurhasanah, Y., Pinandoyo, D., Alamsyah, M. R., Prasetyo, E., & Zukri, N. R. (2023). The Development of a Coliform Detection Game As A Part of Android – Based Virtual Food Safety Laboratory to Support Online Learning. Procedia Computer Science, 227, 1002–1011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.609.
Nyström, S., & Ahn, S. (2024). Teaching with simulators in vocational education and training – From a storing place to a new colleague. Teaching and Teacher Education, 138(November 2023), 104409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104409.
Prashanth Kumar, K. N., Harish Kumar, B. T., & Bhuvanesh, A. (2024). Spectral clustering algorithm based web mining and quadratic support vector machine for learning style prediction in E-learning platform. Measurement: Sensors, 31(December 2023), 100962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2023.100962.
Quy, V. K., Thanh, B. T., Chehri, A., Linh, D. M., & Tuan, D. A. (2023). AI and Digital Transformation in Higher Education: Vision and Approach of a Specific University in Vietnam. Sustainability, 15(14), 11093. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411093.
Ritonga, D. A., Azmi, C., & Sunarno, A. (2020). The Effect of e-Learning Toward Student Learning Outcomes. Proceedings of the 1st Unimed International Conference on Sport Science (UnICoSS 2019), 23(UnICoSS 2019), 29–30. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200305.010.
Safik, M., & Aditya, M. Y. (2022). The Effectiveness of Edmodo to Improve Students ’ Writing Skill of Recount Text at the Eleventh Grade of SMK Negeri 1 Blega. SELL Journal, 7(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31597/sl.v7i2.818.
Seifan, M., Robertson, N., & Berenjian, A. (2020). Use of virtual learning to increase key laboratory skills and essential non-cognitive characteristics. Education for Chemical Engineers, 33, 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ece.2020.07.006.
Setyawan, A., Aznam, N., & Citrawati, T. (2020). Effects of the Google Meet Assisted Method of Learning on Building Student Knowledge and Learning Outcomes. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(9), 3924–3936. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.080917.
Sitinjak, A. A. (2020). Effect of Learning Method Schoology Applications and Learning Style on Student Learning Outcomes. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 8(6), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol8.iss6.2380.
Sofya, R., Utami, P. R., & Ritonga, M. (2023). The Effect of Blended Learning on Student Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 16(4), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-158-6_25.
Syafii, A., Machali, I., Putro, N. H. P. S., Retnawati, H., & ‘aziz, H. (2022). The effects of multiple intelligences theory on learning success: A meta-analysis in social science. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(2), 736–743. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v11i2.22223.
Tavares Oliveira, M., Maciel Santos, M., Lucas Mayara da Cruz Reis, K., Resende Oliveira, L., & DeSantana, J. M. (2023). Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation in Animal Model Studies: From Neural Mechanisms to Biological Effects for Analgesia. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurom.2023.02.085.
Tran, T. N. A., & Nguyen Thanh, P. (2023). Effects of Socrative-Based Online Homework on Learning Outcomes in Vietnam: A Case Study. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (IJIM), 17(05), 182–199. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijim.v17i05.37513.
Ullah, M. S., Hoque, M. R., Aziz, M. A., & Islam, M. (2023). Analyzing students’ e-learning usage and post-usage outcomes in higher education. Computers and Education Open, 5(January), 100146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100146.
Wahono, B., Lin, P. L., & Chang, C. Y. (2020). Evidence of STEM enactment effectiveness in Asian student learning outcomes. International Journal of STEM Education, 7(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-020-00236-1.
Wajong, A. D. ., Ridwan, R., & Sangi, N. (2020). Efektivitas Penggunaan Pembelajaran Daring Edmodo Berbantuan Quizstar untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Mahasiswa. Attractive : Innovative Education Journal, 2(3), 49. https://doi.org/10.51278/aj.v2i3.75.
Wang, A. Y., Hong, A. D., & Huang, B. J. (2023). A Diffusion of Innovation Perspective for Digital Transformation on Education. Procedia Computer Science, 225, 2439–2448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.235.
Wannapiroon, N., Shawarangkoon, S., Chawarangkoon, C., Kucharoenthavorn, A., & Wannapiroon, P. (2023). Metaverse Learning Experience Platform (MLXP) for Immersive Design Thinking to Enhance Digital Intelligence Quotient and Virtual Game Developer Skills. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 13(12), 1879–1889. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.12.2001.
Wibowo, W., & Astriawati, N. (2020). The effectiveness of using Edmodo based e-learning in the applied mechanics course. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1511(1), 012121. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1511/1/012121.
Yanto, D. T. P., Eliza, F., Ganefri, Sukardi, Hastuti, Kabatiah, M., & Andrian. (2023). Android-Based Courseware as an Educational Technology Innovation for Electrical Circuit Course: An Effectiveness Study. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 13(12), 1835–1843. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2023.13.12.1996.
Yanto, D. T. P., Kabatiah, M., Zaswita, H., Jalinus, N., & Refdinal, R. (2022). Virtual Laboratory as A New Educational Trend Post Covid-19: An Effectiveness Study. Mimbar Ilmu, 27(3), 501–510. https://doi.org/10.23887/mi.v27i3.53996.
Yustinaningrum, B. (2018). The Implementation of E-Learning Web-based Model Centric Course (Edmodo) toward The Mathematics’ Interest and Learning Outcomes. Al-Jabar : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 9(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajpm.v9i1.2175.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Herlin Setyawan, Sukardi, Risfendra, Nizwardi Jalinus, Jonni Mardizal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with the Indonesian Journal of Educational Research and Review (IJERR) agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. (See The Effect of Open Access)
