Trends in Character Education for Elementary, Middle and High School Students in Indonesia: Systematic Literature Review

Carsiwan

doi:10.23887/ijerr.v7i2.80764

Authors

Carsiwan Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.23887/ijerr.v7i2.80764

Keywords:

Character Education, Elementary School, Middle School, High School, Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Character education is a multifaceted effort to develop moral and ethical individuals so that they can make a positive contribution to society. The study aims to analyze character education trends among students at the secondary, secondary, and high school levels in Indonesia. The study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method to investigate character education trends in elementary, primary, and upper secondary school students in Indonesia (systematic literature review). The study is guided by the PRISMA protocol and uses the Covidence platform to facilitate the review process. The sourcing of data was done through the Google Scholar and Crosreef databases with the sources of articles in reputable international journals, using Harzing’s Publish or Perish application. Of the 1,200 articles found, 69 journals were selected to be reviewed through a systematic exclusion and inclusion process. The articles related to auxiliary technology selected in this study were analyzed using quantitative bibliometric studies to map the structure of knowledge. The results of the research show that the trend of character education in Indonesia is experiencing increasing attention and intensive efforts at every level of education. Each level applies a different approach according to the characteristics and needs of student development but still has the same goal, namely, forming a positive personality and good morals. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive overview of the efforts of the character education application in Indonesia, aimed at developing a young generation that not only achieves academically but also has good personalities and morality.

References

Abdul, N. B., Mahmud, M., Wello, B., & Dollah, S. (2020). Instructional communication: Form and factors affecting students participation at higher education class. Asian EFL Journal, 27(3), 17–40. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murni-Mahmud-2/publication/344394687.

Akhyar, M., M, I., & Gusli, R. A. (2023). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Anak Usia Dini Melalui Pembelajaran Al-Qur’an Di SD IT Karakter Anak Shaleh Kota Padang. Jurnal Bilqolam Pendidikan Islam, 4(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.51672/Jbpi.V4i2.196.

Alawamleh, M., Al-Twait, L. M., & Al-Saht, G. R. (2022). The effect of online learning on communication between instructors and students during Covid-19 pandemic. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(2), 380–400. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-06-2020-0131.

Andani, S., & Selvi, N. (2022). Peranan Guru dalam Membangun Karakter Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri Rangat Nusa Tenggara Timur. Dikdas Matappa: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar, 5(3). http://journal.stkip-andi-matappa.ac.id/index.php/dikdas.

Arisma, N. A. (2023). Penerapan pendidikan karakter melalui pendidikan ips di SD 05 Baringin. Pedagogi: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.24036/pedagogi.v23i1.1487.

Astuti, A. P., Aziz, A., Sumarti, S. S., & Bharati, D. A. L. (2019). Preparing 21st Century Teachers: Implementation of 4C Character’s Pre-Service Teacher through Teaching Practice. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1233(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1233/1/012109.

Dewantara, J. A., Suhendar, I. F., Rosyid, R., & Atmaja, T. S. (2019). Pancasila as Ideology and Characteristics Civic Education in Indonesia. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Studies, 1(5), 400–405. https://doi.org/10.29103/ijevs.v1i5.1617.

Dina Nailatur Rohmah, E. zulikhati. N. (2022). Engaging Junior High School Students in Speaking Skills Through Digital Storytelling. Education and Human Development Journal, 7(01), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.33086/ehdj.v7i01.2266.

Fahmesvi, B., & Atmazaki, A. (2020). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Pembelajaran Menulis Teks Puisi Rakyat di SMP Negeri 8 Padang. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra Indonesia, 9(3), 1–9. https://ejournal.unp.ac.id/index.php/pbs/article/view/110714.

Faruq, Sabani, N., Sukarno, A., & Purwandari, E. (2021). Systematic Literature Review: Psychological Concepts Of Learning In Handling Speaking Delay In Early Children. Jurnal Penelitian Humaniora, 23(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.23917/humaniora.v23i1.19126.

Febrianti, F., Mahmud, M., & Hifid, R. (2022). Pengaruh Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Di SMA Negeri 1 Paleleh Barat. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 8(2), 1535. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.8.2.1535-1552.2022.

Fithriyaani, F., Yudhyarta, D. Y., & Syarifudin, S. (2021). Pengaruh Pendidikan Karakter terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa. Asatiza: Jurnal Pendidikan, 2(2), 138–150. https://doi.org/10.46963/asatiza.v2i2.332.

Gentala, J., & Dasar, P. (2016). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar Article Information. Jurnal Gentala Pendidikan Dasar, 1, 251–274. http://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/gentala.

Harahap, A. C. P. (2019). Character Building Pendidikan Karakter. Al-Irsyad: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.30829/al-irsyad.v9i1.6732.

Herawann, K. D., & Sudarsana, I. K. (2017). Relevansi Nilai Pendidikan Karakter. Jurnal Penjaminan Mutu Lembaga Penjaminan Mutu Institut Hindu Dharma Negeri Denpasar, 3(2), 223–236. http://ojs.uhnsugriwa.ac.id/index.php/JPM/article/view/1320.

Hidayani, B. N. (2021). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Sopan Santun Siswa Melalui Media Cantik di SD Negeri 11 Mataram. Jurnal Paedagogy, 8(2), 233. https://doi.org/10.33394/jp.v8i2.3560.

Hijrah, B. K. E. N. I. P. S. E. (2022). Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter Program Kampus Mengajar Pada Siswa Kelas V di UPT SPF SD Negeri Tabaringan 5 Kabupaten Ujung Tanah Kota Makassar. Dikdas Matappa: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Dasar, 5(3). http://journal.stkip-andi-matappa.ac.id/index.php/dikdas.

Irzal Anderson, R. S. (2016). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter dalam Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan pada Siswa Sekolah. Jurnal Gentala Pendidikan Dasar, 1, 251–274. http://online-journal.unja.ac.id/index.php/gentala.

Iskandar, W., & Narimo, S. (2019). Pengelolaan full day school dalam membentuk karakter siswa SD. Manajemen Pendidikan, 13(2), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.23917/jmp.v13i2.6393.

Jannah, M. (2020). Peran Pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak Untuk Menanamkan Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Siswa. Al-Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, 4(2), 237. https://doi.org/10.35931/am.v4i2.326.

Julistiaty, J., Madhakomala, R., & Matin, M. (2018). Manajemen pendidikan dalam membentuk karakter siswa SMP Tunas Bangsa Sunter. Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 6(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.21831/amp.v6i2.20618.

Khoiriyah, U., Jurusan, S., Guru, P., & Dasar, S. (2022). Implementasi Penanaman Sikap Tanggung Jawab Melalui Kegiatan Literasi Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 1 Cawas. In Joyful Learning Journal, 11(2). https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jlj.

Khosyiatun, K. (2021). Permainan Medikar Limai Untuk Meningkatkan Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter (PPK) di SD Negeri Sukoharjo 04. Jurnal Kepedidikan, 30(3), 387. https://doi.org/10.32585/jp.v30i3.1890.

Kim, E.-J., Kim, J. J., & Han, S.-H. (2021). Understanding Student Acceptance of Online Learning Systems in Higher Education: Application of Social Psychology Theories with Consideration of User Innovativeness. In Sustainability (Vol. 13, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020896.

Kusumawardani, F., Akhwani, A., Nafiah, N., & Taufiq, M. (2021). Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Nilai-nilai Pancasila melalui Keteladanan dan Pembiasaan di Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pancasila Dan Kewarganegaraaan, 6(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.24269/jpk.v6.n1.2021.pp1-10.

Lampropoulos, G., Siakas, K., & Anastasiadis, T. (2019). Internet of Things in the Context of Industry 4.0: An Overview. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 7(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijek-2019-0001.

Leasa, M., & Batlolona, J. R. (2017). Full day school dalam pembentukan karakter siswa SMKN 13 kota Malang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 73–82. https://ejournal.undiksha.ac.id/index.php/JISH/article/view/9903.

Lusiana, L. (2022). Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Al-Quran Kepada Peserta Didik Sebagai Manifestasi Pendidikan Karakter Di SMP Negeri 3 Purwakarta. Andragogi: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Agama Islam, 4(2). https://riset.unisma.ac.id/index.php/ja/article/view/16136.

Maharani, M. S., Rondli, W. S., & Ermawati, D. (2023). Analisis Integrasi nilai-nilai karakter dalam pembelajaran IPS pada siswa kelas IV SD 3 Robayan. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(4), 2519–2526. https://eprints.umk.ac.id/18613/1/2. 2 April 2023 Analisis Integrasi Nilai-Nilai Karakter dalam Pembelajaran IPS pada Siswa Kelas IV SD 3 Robayan.pdf.

Maulida, N. (2018). Pengembangan Bahan Bacaan Cerita Bergambar Berorientasi Pendidikan Karakter untuk Pembelajaran Membaca Siswa Kelas II SD. Lingua Franca: Jurnal Bahasa Sastra, Dan Pengajarannya, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.30651/lf.v2i1.1207.

Miftakhu Rosyad, A., Zuchdi, D., Indramayu, K., & Barat, J. (2018). Aktualisasi Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Kultur Sekolah Dalam Pembelajaran IPS di SMP. Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 5(1), 79–92. http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/hsjpi.

Morrar, R., Arman, H., & Mousa, S. (2017). The fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0): A social innovation perspective. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(11), 12–20. https://timreview.ca/sites/default/files/Issue_PDF/TIMReview_November2017.pdf#page=12.

Mufarizuddin. (2017). Implementasi Kegiatan Pramuka Dalam Membangun Karakter Kedisiplinan Siswa SD MI. Jurnal Publikasi Pendidikan, 7(2). http://jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/JIWP/article/view/711.

Muflihah, S., Noor, T., & Wahyudin, U. R. (2021). Implementasi Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Pembentukan Akhlak Pada Siswa Sdn Tanjung Sari 02. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran Guru Sekolah Dasar (JPPGuseda), 4(2), 135–142. https://journal.unpak.ac.id/index.php/JPPGuseda/article/view/3615.

Muhdi, Nurkolis, & Yuliejantiningsih, Y. (2020). The Implementation of Online Learning in Early Childhood Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic. JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(2), 247–261. https://doi.org/10.21009/jpud.142.04.

Mundilarno, S. (2020). Manajemen Childrens Forest Program Dalam Konteks Pendidikan Karakter di SD Muhammadiyah Pakem Yogyakarta. Media Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(3). http://jurnal.ustjogja.ac.id/index.php/mmp.

Nadhrah, S., Lukman, A. S., & Syahfitri, D. (2022). Implementasi Kompetensi Kepribadian Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Toleransi Beragama Siswa Di SMA Swasta Sri Langkat Tanjung Pura. Al-Ulum Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 3(2), 2723–5459. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-s.

Ningsih, S. (2017). Menumbuhkan Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Pendalaman Materi Sejarah Peminatan Kelas X SMA. Diakronika, 17(2), 144–156. http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=1267491&val=15829.

Nugroho, I. A., Marwanti, E., & Setyawan, A. D. (2020). Implementasi pendidikan karakter kedisiplinan siswa di SD Negeri Kliteran Yogyakarta. Sosiohumaniora: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 6(1), 60–66. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/287049477.pdf.

Nurhaliza, N., Usman, U., & Sultan, S. (2022). Minat Baca Siswa SMP: Faktor Latar Belakang Ekonomi dan Pendidikan Keluarga (Middle School Students Reading Interests: Factors of Economic Background and Family Education. Indonesian Language Education and Literature, 7(2), 323. https://doi.org/10.24235/ileal.v7i2.10208.

Nurjani, N. (2022). Peran Kegiatan Pramuka Dalam Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Karakter Pada Siswa Sd It An-Najah. Jurnal Pajar (Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran), 6(3), 838. https://doi.org/10.33578/pjr.v6i3.8761.

Pangestika, M. D., & Sabardila, A. (2021). Peningkatan Pendidikan Karakter melalui Ekstrakurikuler Pramuka di SMP Al Islam Kartasura: Enhancement Character Education through Scout Extracurricular at Junior High School Al-Islam Kartasura. Pedagogik: Jurnal Pendidikan, 16(1), 25–39. https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/pedagogik/article/view/1461.

Pardede, L., Pasaribu, K. M., Siahaan, M. M., Sinaga, A. M. S. B., Tinambunan, A., & Safitri, R. A. (2022). Peran Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Paskibra terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa di UPT SMP Negeri 37 Medan. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(9), 3371–3377. https://www.academia.edu/download/94592825/791.pdf.

Prastowo, A. (2018). Pendidikan Karakter di Sekolah Dasar/Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Berbasis Pemberdayaan Pikiran Bawah Sadar. Al-Aulad: Journal of Islamic Primary Education, 1(2), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.15575/al-aulad.v1i2.3525.

Priamantono, R., Warto, & Musaddad, A. A. (2020). Implementation of Local Wisdom Values of Piil Pesenggiri as Character Education in Indonesian History Learning. VNU Journal of Science: Education Research, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1159/vnuer.4366.

Putri, D. I. (2019). Penguatan Program Pendidikan Karakter (PPK) Melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakulikuler Seni Tari di SD. , IV(01). Pendas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Dasar, 4(1). https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/pendas/article/view/1301.

Rahmawati, J., & Purwandari, S. (2021). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Berbasis Sosiokultural pada Siswa Kelas IV SD Muhammadiyah Donorejo. Jurnal Ilmiah Profesi Pendidikan, 6(3), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.29303/jipp.v6i3.211.

Rejo. (2022). Penerapan Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Pembelajaran Di SD Negeri Dombo 1. Elementary : Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Dasar, 2(1). https://www.jurnalp4i.com/index.php/elementary/article/view/905.

Rofiah, A. (2019). Implementasi Program Pendidikan Karakter Dan Program Gerakan Literasi Sekolah Dalam Membentuk Sikap Kemandirian Belajar Siswa Di Sdn Percobaan 2 Dan Sd Muhammadiyah Sapen. G-Couns: Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 3(2). http://journal.upy.ac.id/index.php/bk/article/view/310.

Rusadi, B. E. (2020). Integrasi Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam Di Sma As-Syafiiyah Medan. Fitrah: Journal of Islamic Education, 1(2). http://jurnal.staisumatera-medan.ac.id/fitrah.

Samsudin, U., & Darmiyanti, A. (2022). Model Pendidikan Karakter dalam Membentuk Akhlak Rasulullah pada Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Edukatif : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 4(1), 898–908. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v4i1.2006.

Saputro, J. D., & Murdiono, M. (2020). Implementation of Character Education through a Holistic Approach to Senior High School Students. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(11), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i11.2146.

Saryadi, S., Putri, S. N. A., Puspitasari, H., & Setyaningsih, E. (2020). Pembiasaan Sholat Dhuha Berjama’ah Terhadap Pendidikan Karakter Siswa Di SMP Muhammadiyah 4 Sambi. Buletin Literasi Budaya Sekolah, 2(2), 120–125. https://doi.org/10.23917/blbs.v2i2.12839.

Sayekti, A., & Darmawati, D. (2020). Pengaruh Pendidikan Karakter, Pola Asuh Orang Tua Dan Pergaulan Teman Sebaya Terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Sma Negeri 1 Baturraden. Soedriman Economic Education Journal, 2(1). http://jos.unsoed.ac.id/index.php/seej/.

Septiani, D. (2018). Pendidikan Karakter Siswa melalui Cerita Fantasi dalam Buku Bahasa Indonesia SMP/MTs Kelas VII Edisi Revisi 2017. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa Dan Sastra, 8(1). https://mail.online-journal.unja.ac.id/pena/article/view/6469.

Sokip, Akhyak, Soim, Tanzeh, A., & Kojin. (2019). Character Building in Islamic Society: A Case Study of Muslim Families in Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(2), 224–242. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/216573/.

Solekhah, H. (2020). Distance Learning of Indonesian Early Childhood Education (PAUD) during the Covid-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Emerging Issues in Early Childhood Education, 2(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijeiece.v2i2.409.

Solihah, D., Wasliman, I., & Yoseptry, R. (2022). Manajemen Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan (PKN). JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(2), 466–471. http://download.garuda.kemdikbud.go.id/article.php?article=2477035&val=17905.

Sukoco, N. I. (2018). Implementasi Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Pembinaan Akhlak Di SMP Unismuh Makassar. Equilibrium: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosiologi, 6(2), 112-118. https://journal.unismuh.ac.id/index.php/equilibrium/index.

Supeni, S., Yusuf, Y., & Oktavia, B. N. (2023). Analisis Kebutuhan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal Berbasis Budaya Daerah Dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan Karakter Pada Siswa SD. Jurnal Sinektik, 5(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.33061/js.v5i1.7522.

Susanto, A. A. V. (2016). Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua, Pergaulan Teman Sebaya, Media Televisi Terhadap Karakter Siswa SMP. Harmoni Sosial: Jurnal Pendidikan IPS, 3(2), 105–111. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/hsjpi/article/view/8011.

Syamsuddin. (2019). Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Berbasis Pendidikan Seni Budaya di MAN 1 Palu. Guru Tua : Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 2(1), 29–36. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jppfa/article/view/48366.

Uyun, M. F., Haryono, H., & Hudallah, N. (2023). Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Pendidikan Karakter Profil Pelajar Pancasila Siswa SD Berbasis Android. Al Qalam: Jurnal Ilmiah Keagamaan Dan Kemasyarakatan, 17(3), 1781. https://doi.org/10.35931/aq.v17i3.2132.

Veronika, C., & Febrina, D. (2022). The Role of the Teacher in the Character Education Strengthening Program for Grade V Elementary School Students. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 6(2), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v6i2.46342.

Wahyuningtyas, A., Budi, U., Stkip, W., & Jombang, P. (2017). Manajemen Pendidikan Karakter Pada Smp Full Day School Di Kota Yogyakarta. Jurnal Akuntabilitas Manajemen Pendidikan, 5(1), 30–44. http://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jamp.

Wati, M. P., Surachmi, S., & Utaminingsih, S. (2021). Implementasi Gerakan Literasi Untuk Penanaman Pendidikan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar Di Sd Negeri Jakenan. Jurnal Pajar (Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran), 5(6), 1528. https://doi.org/10.33578/Pjr.V5i6.8190.

Wibisono, H., Firdausi, F., & Kusuma, M. E. (2020). Municipal solid waste management in small and metropolitan cities in Indonesia: A review of Surabaya and Mojokerto. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 447(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/447/1/012050.

Wijayanti, D., & Pratomo, W. (2019). Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Model Pembelajaran Kreatif Bagi Siswa Sekolah Dasar (Studi Di Sdn Mendungan 2 Yogyakarta). Jurnal Taman Cendekia, 3(1). https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/230383996.pdf.

Wijayanti, K. E., Akin, Y., & Nurjatnika, O. (2017). Implementasi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Sekolah Dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Olahraga, 2(1), 48–58. https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/penjas/article/view/6400.

Yatim, H., Jamilah, J., Sahnir, N., & Abduh, A. (2023). Analysis of Habituation in Implementing the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum in Art Education in Schools. Jurnal Ad’ministrare, 10(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.26858/ja.v10i1.45310.

Zulkifli, Z., & Wirdanengsih, W. (2020). Pendidikan Karakter Melalui Kegiatan Ekstrakurikuler Tahfizd di SMA Negeri 5 Padang. Jurnal Sikola: Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 1(3), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.24036/sikola.v1i3.23.

Zurqoni, Retnawati, H., Arlinwibowo, J., & Apino, E. (2018). Strategy and Implementation of Character Education in Senior High Schools and Vocational High Schools. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 9(3), 370–397. https://doi.org/10.17499/jsser.01008.